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膝骨关节炎危险因素的研究进展

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摘 要 膝骨关节炎是导致老年人膝关节功能障碍的主要原因之一,本文综述近20年膝骨关节炎的流行病学及危险因素,希望能对国内膝骨关节炎研究提供新的思路。

关键词 膝骨关节炎 危险因素

中图分类号:R684.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)18-0032-03

Progress of research on risk factors of knee osteoarthritis

DING Zhiliang1 DENG Jianan1

(1. Fenglin Community Health Service Center of Xuhui District, Shanghai 200030 China)

Abstract: The knee osteoarthritis is one of the causes of knee dysfunction in elderly peoples.The epidemiological studies on knee osteoarthritis in recent 20 years and the risk factors are reriewed to provide some new ideas for the future study.

KEY WORDS knee osteoarthritis; risk factors; review

膝骨性关节炎(knee osteoarthritis, KOA)是多因素共同作用的慢性关节病。其特征为关节软骨组织的退行性变,关节边缘骨赘形成和软骨下骨质反应性改变。临床表现主要为膝关节疼痛,活动功能受限,严重者出现膝关节内、外翻畸形和行走困难。KOA已成为最常见和最重要的关节疾病之一[1-2],国外报道1/3的老年人存在膝关节疼痛,且严重影响生活[3]。20年前,美国老年人因KOA失去劳动能力的危险性高于其他疾病[4]。随着社会老龄化进程,国内KOA患者数正逐步增加。由于KOA的发病因素复杂多样,使其预防工作十分严峻。因此,了解相关危险因素对KOA的防治具有重要意义。

年龄和性别

年龄一直是公认的KOA发病最主要危险因素之一。Vignon等[5]的尸解研究表明,老年股骨细胞密度明显下降,从20岁至90岁,股骨头细胞数量下降约40%。软骨细胞的丢失可能由于软骨细胞死亡或细胞失去有效复制的结果。Kempson等[6]的研究认为,浅层关节软骨抗张强度在3O-40岁时达到高峰,此后随年龄增长而显著下降,深层关节软骨抗张强度也随年龄增长持续下降。据Hurley等 [7]调查发现,50岁人体骨骼肌数量将以l0%/10年的速度递减,60至70岁时每年下降将近l5%;以后肌力将每年下降30%。年龄的增长不仅对人体骨与软骨组织的影响巨大,而且也影响膝关节的本体感觉[8],导致功能下降。Hurley等[9]的研究表明,膝关节功能障碍和本体感觉减退之间存在显著相关性。此外,作为KOA最主要症状之一的疼痛,还随着年龄增长,表现出更多局限性或弥散性[10]。

研究表明,女性KOA的患病率明显高于男性。膝关节疼痛作为KOA的主要症状也表现出显著的性别差异[11]。国外对全膝置换术后患者的大样本研究发现,较严重术后痛多发生于女性,高于男性36%[12]。由于男性和女性膝关节解剖学、运动学的不同 ,以及激素影响的差异,使得女性更容易患KOA[13]。

肥胖

肥胖是KOA的公认危险因素。有充分证据表明,肥胖增加患KOA的风险[14-17]。肥胖不仅增加膝关节的载荷,而且其导致的激素和代谢紊乱在KOA的发生发展中,起重要的促进作用[18-19]。对全膝置换术患者的最新研究发现,肥胖的KOA患者更容易发生各类并发症,建议需要手术的KOA患者接受术前减肥课程的教育[20]。

股四头肌肌力下降

股四头肌的肌力与老年人的下肢功能密切相关。在KOA发病的重要因素中,主要有肌肉力量、膝关节痛、体质量指数。肌肉力量在严重的KOA患者中起很重要作用[21]。在KOA患者中,始终存在股四头肌肌力下降。研究表明,股四头肌肌力强能降低KOA发生的风险。而且,股四头肌肌力强能减少膝关节狭窄的发生率[22],减少软骨与骨质的流失,降低关节炎的发病率,增加关节的稳定性[23]。

职业危险因素

研究表明,工作中经常采取下蹲姿势与重体力职业对KOA的发生发展都起促进作用[24-27]。对德国健康保险数据库2 620万名员工的分析发现, 增加膝关节负担的职业容易导致KOA的发生[28]。虽然职业与KOA的相关研究一直是争论的焦点,但尚无有说服力的证据表明职业对KOA的影响。然而,因职业导致的个体差异和生活习惯的不同,如肥胖、业余时间的生活习惯、吸烟等,在KOA的整个病程中起重要作用[29]。

剧烈运动和关节损伤

毋庸置疑,体育锻炼对健康有积极影响。在KOA的所有治疗方法中,功能锻炼是最被推崇的非药理方法[30]。虽然资料表明,适度的运动并不增加中老年人患KOA的风险,然而剧烈运动却会引起关节损伤。膝关节损伤是KOA的重要危险因素[31]。而且研究证明,前交叉韧带的损伤会增加KOA的发病风险[32]。过去,国外对KOA与运动的相关性研究存在诸多矛盾结果。部分研究表明,运动导致较高的KOA或髋骨关节炎的风险, 而另一些则显示两者无相关性。但最新的研究证实,低强度和中强度的功能锻炼能明显改善功能和膝关节疼痛,从而增加KOA患者的生活质量[33]。

综上所述,KOA的危险因素很多。除了上述因素外,还有营养因素(Vit D缺少)、基因缺陷(ADAM12和白细胞介素-1受体拮抗剂基因的改变)[34-35]、滑膜炎等众多机械性与生物性因素。国外对骨关节病治疗的十年以上研究认为,KOA仅有有效缓解的方案,但无法从根本上阻止其发展。因此,预防KOA的发生成为目前国内外研究的重点和热点。对KOA危险因素的进一步探究,有助于预防KOA的发生。国外研究证明,中、低强度的功能锻炼能有效增强下肢肌力,增加关节功能,缓解疼痛,改善患者的生活质量。这些研究对我国预防KOA的发生发展具有指导意义。在社区选择何种体育锻炼进行KOA的预防,将成为今后研究的方向之一。

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(收稿日期:2013-10-29)