业主方全寿命周期的成本控制研究

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【摘 要】作为工程项目的投资单位，业主方对工程项目的实施进行全寿命周期的成本控制是非常有必要的，这对于减少投资，增大工程项目的经济效益都有着重大影响。本文主要分析了在立项决策阶段、设计阶段、招投标阶段、施工阶段以及竣工结算阶段等项目建设全过程中，业主方应当采取的成本控制措施，以供相关人员参考借鉴。

【关键词】业主方；全寿命周期；成本控制

在当前我国社会经济高速发展的时期，建设工程项目的规模越来越大，且施工难度也随之增大、工期往往都相对较为紧张、成本目标控制要求也愈发严格。建设单位要想快速、经济、保质保量的完成建设项目，就离不开有效的投资控制。投资控制需要将成本控制管理工作贯穿在整个项目实施过程中的，包括项目的决策、设计、投招标、施工以及竣工结算等多个阶段。也就是说，在工程项目的实施管理中，要做到科学合理的框算、概算、预算和结算。只有这样，才能根据概预算进行造价控制，从而合理降低结算总额，减少工程造价，提高工程项目的经济效益。

一、业主方的成本控制分析

在实际的建设项目实施过程中，一个建设工程从立项到竣工交付需要经过多个阶段所组成的全寿命周期，而且对于业主方而言，一般又同时存在多个相互制约的项目在实施过程中。因此，“全寿命周期”和“多项目”构成了业主方成本控制的两个特点，只有在整个建设过程中对多个项目的成本都进行有效控制才最终实现了全面的工程造价控制。

“多项目”：一般在项目立项的前期阶段，业主方都会有一个总的项目投资范围，也就是说，所有这些项目都需要在该总投资范围的约束下进行。根据不同项目的重要性、工期紧迫性或其他权重，可得出业主方多个项目的各自投资指标，然后在每个项目实施的全过程进行统筹考虑、监控调整，最终进行总体评价。只有通过总体权衡和及时调整，才能保证每个项目的顺利实施，也才能确保业主方的总体利益最大化。

“全寿命周期”：建设项目一般包括决策、设计、投招标、施工以及竣工验收等多个阶段。伴随着项目进展，会出现框算、概算、预算和结算等多个经济核算指标，还包括中标价格和许多业主方贯彻实施的成本标杆数据。所有这些经济指标应遵循着由粗到细，分级约束的原则，还应做到科学合理，避免为了单纯达到成本控制效果而故意大幅抬高前期概预算指标。

二、立项决策阶段的项目成本控制

立项决策阶段是业主方决定投资开始实施建设项目的最初阶段，也是其开始对项目进行成本控制的首要阶段。在此决策项目的过程中，业主方必须要结合市场需求，对项目工程实施后的发展前景进行评估预测，以此来确定工程项目的建设规模以及其各项建设的标准，从而对总投资做出一个大致的估算。在该阶段，一般需要对建设地点以及建设规模和标准做出明确的决策，以便于之后的招投标阶段顺利实施。而在决定这些问题时，业主方必须要综合考虑每个影响工程总投资的因素，做出最准确明智的立项决策，以免因失误或疏忽而造成较大的经济损失。

三、设计阶段的项目成本控制

设计阶段是业主方对工程造价进行有效控制的最关键阶段。尽管其自身所需成本不高，但对工程总成本大小的影响却是很大的。在此项目阶段，业主方必须要加强工程设计的管理与控制，大力推行使用标准设计以降低设计费用，同时采取限额设计的方式对设计人员提出成本限制要求，并对各种设计方案做出评估对比，从而选择经济性、实用性、合理性最佳的设计方案进行优化，从而实现有效的多项目成本控制。在优化设计方案后，业主方要对其进行审查，对于一些不符合预期要求的地方要加以修改，这种设计变更有时会给原有的工程预算带来一定影响。因此这些变更必须要得到业主方的批准后方可执行。业主方则应当尽量控制设计更改所带来的成本影响，保证设计所需总成本的预算不超过决策初期决定的总投资额。

四、招投标阶段的项目成本控制

招投标阶段是业主方与施工单位达成协议的一个阶段。在此阶段业UEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDM0J+a1heaekOW3peeoi+iuvuiuoeS4reeahOWHoOeCuemHjeimgeaApyfmtYXmnpDlt6XnqIvorr7orqHkuK3nmoTlh6Dngrnph43opoHmgKdkAi8PZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQzNSrmtYbnoIzlt6XnqIvnmoTotKjph4/nm5HnkIblj4rlpITnkIbmjqrmlr0q5rWG56CM5bel56iL55qE6LSo6YeP55uR55CG5Y+K5aSE55CG5o6q5pa9ZAIwD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0MzYq5a+55pa95bel6Zi25q615bel56iL6YCg5Lu35o6n5Yi255qE5oCd6ICDKuWvueaWveW3pemYtuauteW3peeoi+mAoOS7t+aOp+WItueahOaAneiAg2QCMQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDM3J+iwiOWvueS9j+WuheaalumAmuezu+e7n+Wei+W8j+eahOmAieaLqSfosIjlr7nkvY/lroXmmpbpgJrns7vnu5/lnovlvI/nmoTpgInmi6lkAjIPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQzOB7lu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvliqDlm7rmioDmnK/nu7zov7Ae5bu6562R5bel56iL5Yqg5Zu65oqA5pyv57u86L+wZAIzD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0Mzkq566A5p6Q5bel5Lia5LiO5rCR55So5bu6562R55qE6LSo6YeP5o6n5Yi2KueugOaekOW3peS4muS4juawkeeUqOW7uuetkeeahOi0qOmHj+aOp+WItmQCNA9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDQwMOivleaekOWcn+acqOW3peeoi+S4rea3t+WHneWcn+aWveW3pei0qOmHj+aOp+WItjDor5XmnpDlnJ/mnKjlt6XnqIvkuK3mt7flh53lnJ/mlr3lt6XotKjph4/mjqfliLZkAjUPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ0MTDljJfkuqzntKDppJDluILlnLrmtojotLnogIXnibnlvoHkuI7lj5HlsZXlu7rorq4w5YyX5Lqs57Sg6aSQ5biC5Zy65raI6LS56ICF54m55b6B5LiO5Y+R5bGV5bu66K6uZAI2D2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NDJF5YWz5LqO5Z+O5bu65bel56iL5ouG6L+B5a6J572u5oi/5Lqn5p2D6K+B5Zyf5Zyw6K+B5Yqe55CG6Zeu6aKY56CU56m2ReWFs+S6juWfjuW7uuW3peeoi+aLhui/geWuiee9ruaIv+S6p+adg+ivgeWcn+WcsOivgeWKnueQhumXrumimOeglOeptmQCNw9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDQzMOWfuuS6jnjigJQxMei/h+eoi+WvueWtpueUn+Wuv+iIjeeUqOeUtemHj+WIhuaekDDln7rkuo544oCUMTHov4fnqIvlr7nlrabnlJ/lrr/oiI3nlKjnlLXph4/liIbmnpBkAjgPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ0NDbmtYXosIjmsJHnlKjlu7rnrZHnlLXmsJTlronoo4Xlt6XnqIvnmoTnvLrpmbfkuI7pmLLmsrs25rWF6LCI5rCR55So5bu6562R55S15rCU5a6J6KOF5bel56iL55qE57y66Zm35LiO6Ziy5rK7ZAI5D2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NDU/6auY5bGC5L2P5a6F546w5rWH5re35Yed5Zyf5aSW5aKZ5aSW5L+d5rip5L2T57O755qE5pa95bel5a6e6Le1P+mrmOWxguS9j+WuheeOsOa1h+a3t+WHneWcn+WkluWimeWkluS/nea4qeS9k+ezu+eahOaWveW3peWunui3tWQCOg9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDQ2P+a1heiuuuW7uuetkeeUteawlOWuieijhei/h+eoi+S4reW4uOingemXrumimOeahOiupOivhuS4juaAneiAgz/mtYXorrrlu7rnrZHnlLXmsJTlronoo4Xov4fnqIvkuK3luLjop4Hpl67popjnmoTorqTor4bkuI7mgJ3ogINkAjsPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ0Ny3lrqTlhoXnlLXmsJTlronoo4XluLjop4HnvLrpmbfnmoTpmLLmsrvmjqLorqgt5a6k5YaF55S15rCU5a6J6KOF5bi46KeB57y66Zm355qE6Ziy5rK75o6i6K6oZAI8D2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NDgt5Lia5Li75pa55YWo5a+/5ZG95ZGo5pyf55qE5oiQ5pys5o6n5Yi256CU56m2LeS4muS4u+aWueWFqOWvv+WRveWRqOacn+eahOaIkOacrOaOp+WItueglOeptmQCPQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDQ5M+aIkeWbveW7uuetkemYsuawtOaKgOacr+WPkeWxleWOhuWPsuWbnumhvuS4juWxleacmzPmiJHlm73lu7rnrZHpmLLmsLTmioDmnK/lj5HlsZXljoblj7Llm57pob7kuI7lsZXmnJtkAj4PZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ1MDzmtYXmnpDlu7rnrZHnlLXmsJTlronoo4Xlt6XnqIvnmoTluLjop4Hpl67popjkuI7op6PlhrPlr7nnrZY85rWF5p6Q5bu6562R55S15rCU5a6J6KOF5bel56iL55qE5bi46KeB6Zeu6aKY5LiO6Kej5Yaz5a+5562WZAI/D2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NTFC6auY5bGC5bu6562R5pa95bel5Z6C55u06L+Q6L6T6K6+5aSH5L2/55So5Y+K5YW25Y+R5bGV6LaL5Yq/5rWF6LCIQumrmOWxguW7uuetkeaWveW3peWeguebtOi/kOi+k+iuvuWkh+S9v+eUqOWPiuWFtuWPkeWxlei2i+WKv+a1heiwiGQCQA9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDUyPOaMpOWhkeadv+iWhOaKueeBsOWkluS/nea4qeezu+e7n+i0qOmHj+mXrumimOWIhuaekOS4jumYsuayuzzmjKTloZHmnb/oloTmirnngbDlpJbkv53muKnns7vnu5/otKjph4/pl67popjliIbmnpDkuI7pmLLmsrtkAkEPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ1Mx7ml6fln47mlLnpgKDnmoTnu6fmib/kuI7lj5HlsZUe5pen5Z+O5pS56YCg55qE57un5om/5LiO5Y+R5bGVZAJCD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NTQw5ben55So5aSn6JCl6L+Q5oiY55Wl77yM5aSW6LS45LyB5Lia54SV5Y+R55Sf5py6MOW3p+eUqOWkp+iQpei/kOaImOeVpe+8jOWklui0uOS8geS4mueEleWPkeeUn+acumQCQw9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDU1LeaOouiuqOW7uuetkeW3peeoi+i0qOmHj+ebkeedo+eahOWHoOeCueaAneiAgy3mjqLorqjlu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvotKjph4/nm5HnnaPnmoTlh6DngrnmgJ3ogINkAkQPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ1NjDmi5vmoIfov4fnqIvkuK3kuJrkuLvmjqfliLblt6XnqIvpgKDku7fnmoTmlrnms5Uw5oub5qCH6L+H56iL5Lit5Lia5Li75o6n5Yi25bel56iL6YCg5Lu355qE5pa55rOVZAJFD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NTcn5paw5Yac5p2R5bu66K6+5a2Y5Zyo55qE6Zeu6aKY5Y+K5a+5562WJ+aWsOWGnOadkeW7uuiuvuWtmOWcqOeahOmXrumimOWPiuWvueetlmQCRg9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDU4NuWFs+S6juWcn+WcsOeZu+iusOS7o+eQhuWItuW6pueuoeeQhuWSjOWujOWWhOeahOaOouiuqDblhbPkuo7lnJ/lnLDnmbvorrDku6PnkIbliLbluqbnrqHnkIblkozlrozlloTnmoTmjqLorqhkAkcPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ1OSTmtYXosIjlt6XnqIvmi5vmipXmoIfmoIflupXnmoTnvJbliLYk5rWF6LCI5bel56iL5oub5oqV5qCH5qCH5bqV55qE57yW5Yi2ZAJID2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NjAz546w5Luj5Z+O5biC5bu6562R5LiO5Z+O5biC55qE5Y+v5oyB57ut5Y+R5bGV56CU56m2M+eOsOS7o+WfjuW4guW7uuetkeS4juWfjuW4gueahOWPr+aMgee7reWPkeWxleeglOeptmQCSQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDYxG+Wxi+mdouW3peeoi+eahOebkeeQhuWunui3tRvlsYvpnaLlt6XnqIvnmoTnm5HnkIblrp7ot7VkAkoPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ2MirlhbPkuo7lt6XnqIvli5jlr5/kuK3nmoTpl67popjov5vooYzliIbmnpAq5YWz5LqO5bel56iL5YuY5a+f5Lit55qE6Zeu6aKY6L+b6KGM5YiG5p6QZAJLD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NjMt5bu6562R5pa95bel5Lit55qE5pa95bel5rGh5p+T5LiO6Ziy5rK75YiG5p6QLeW7uuetkeaWveW3peS4reeahOaWveW3peaxoeafk+S4jumYsuayu+WIhuaekGQCTA9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDY0MOWcn+W7uuW3peeoi+mAoOS7t+eahOeJueeCueS4juW7uuetkemdouenr+iuoeeulzDlnJ/lu7rlt6XnqIvpgKDku7fnmoTnibnngrnkuI7lu7rnrZHpnaLnp6/orqHnrpdkAk0PZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ2NS3mipXmoIfpmLbmrrXmlr3lt6XljZXkvY3nmoTpgKDku7fnrqHnkIbliIbmnpAt5oqV5qCH6Zi25q615pa95bel5Y2V5L2N55qE6YCg5Lu3566h55CG5YiG5p6QZAJOD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NjYt5a6e546w5bu6562R5pa95bel5Y2P6LCD566h55CG55qE5a+5562W5o6i5p6QLeWunueOsOW7uuetkeaWveW3peWNj+iwg+euoeeQhueahOWvueetluaOouaekGQCTw9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDY3OeW7uuetkeW3peeoi+i0qOmHj+WtmOWcqOeahOmXrumimOS4juacieaViOeahOeuoeeQhuaWueazlTnlu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvotKjph4/lrZjlnKjnmoTpl67popjkuI7mnInmlYjnmoTnrqHnkIbmlrnms5VkAlAPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ2ODbph43lpKfngavngb7pmpDmgqPnmoTkuLvopoHmiJDlm6Dlj4rlpITnkIblr7nnrZbliIbmnpA26YeN5aSn54Gr54G+6ZqQ5oKj55qE5Li76KaB5oiQ5Zug5Y+K5aSE55CG5a+5562W5YiG5p6QZAJRD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0Njkz6K+V6K665L+d6Zqc5oCn5L2P5oi/5bu66K6+55qE6aG555uu566h55CG5Y+K5qih5byPM+ivleiuuuS/nemanOaAp+S9j+aIv+W7uuiuvueahOmhueebrueuoeeQhuWPiuaooeW8j2QCUg9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDcwLeW3peawkeW7uuaWveW3pei/h+eoi+S4reeahOi0qOmHj+aOp+WItuaOouepti3lt6XmsJHlu7rmlr3lt6Xov4fnqIvkuK3nmoTotKjph4/mjqfliLbmjqLnqbZkAlMPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ3MTborrrpq5jlsYLlu7rnrZHmlr3lt6XkuK3otKjph4/pl67popjnmoTnrqHnkIbkuI7mjqfliLY26K666auY5bGC5bu6562R5pa95bel5Lit6LSo6YeP6Zeu6aKY55qE566h55CG5LiO5o6n5Yi2ZAJUD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NzI25rWF6LCI5bCP5Z+O6ZWH5bu66K6+5Lit5a2Y5Zyo55qE6Zeu6aKY5Y+K5Y+R5bGV5a+5562WNua1heiwiOWwj+WfjumVh+W7uuiuvuS4reWtmOWcqOeahOmXrumimOWPiuWPkeWxleWvueetlmQCVQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDczJOivleiwiOWmguS9leWKoOW8uuW7uuetkeW3peeoi+i0qOmHjyTor5XosIjlpoLkvZXliqDlvLrlu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvotKjph49kAlYPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ3NCTmtYXosIjlu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvnianotYTnrqHnkIblt6XkvZwk5rWF6LCI5bu6562R5bel56iL54mp6LWE566h55CG5bel5L2cZAJXD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0NzUz5aaC5L2V5YGa5aW95oiR5Zu95bu6562R5bel56iL55qE6LSo6YeP5a6J5YWo5o6n5Yi2M+WmguS9leWBmuWlveaIkeWbveW7uuetkeW3peeoi+eahOi0qOmHj+WuieWFqOaOp+WItmQCWA9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDc2I+a1heiurlDovazlkJFE5Lik6ICF5LmL6Ze055qE5YWz57O7I+a1heiurlDovazlkJFE5Lik6ICF5LmL6Ze055qE5YWz57O7ZAJZD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0Nzcz5oi/5Zyw5Lqn5byA5Y+R6aG555uu6K6+6K6h6Zi25q615oiQ5pys5o6n5Yi256CU56m2M+aIv+WcsOS6p+W8gOWPkemhueebruiuvuiuoemYtuauteaIkOacrOaOp+WItueglOeptmQCWg9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDc4Iea1heiwiOmrmOWxguW7uuetkei9rOaNouWxguaWveW3pSHmtYXosIjpq5jlsYLlu7rnrZHovazmjaLlsYLmlr3lt6VkAlsPZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ3OSfkvIHkuJrlkIjnkIbpgb/nqI7noJTnqbblkozmlrnms5XmjIflr7wn5LyB5Lia5ZCI55CG6YG/56iO56CU56m25ZKM5pa55rOV5oyH5a+8ZAJcD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0ODAt5aSa6aG555uu6L+Q5L2c5LiL55qE6JCl6ZSA566h55CG5qih5byP5o6i6K6oLeWkmumhueebrui/kOS9nOS4i+eahOiQpemUgOeuoeeQhuaooeW8j+aOouiuqGQCXQ9kFgJmDxUEAA1mZGN5MjAxMzA3NDgxNua1heiwiOW7uuetkeW3peeoi+euoeeQhuWtmOWcqOeahOmXrumimOWPiuino+WGs+WvueetljbmtYXosIjlu7rnrZHlt6XnqIvnrqHnkIblrZjlnKjnmoTpl67popjlj4rop6PlhrPlr7nnrZZkAl4PZBYCZg8VBAANZmRjeTIwMTMwNzQ4MiHlhbPkuo7lu7rnrZHkv53muKnmlr3lt6XnmoTmgJ3ogIMh5YWz5LqO5bu6562R5L+d5rip5pa95bel55qE5oCd6ICDZAJfD2QWAmYPFQQADWZkY3kyMDEzMDc0ODM25rWF5p6Q5bu6562R55S15rCU5pa95bel6LSo6YeP6Zeu6aKY5Lul5Y+K5bqU5a+55o6q5pa9Nua1heaekOW7uuetkeeUteawlOaWveW3pei0qOmHj+mXrumimOS7peWPiuW6lOWvueaOquaWvWRkKFuMZiez3SkaGBwpjprrRhAi8Lk=" 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