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浦江上山遗址惊世大发现

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2005年3月9日,日本金大学中村一慎博士、日本国学院大学考古研究室考古专家岩崎厚志先生在浦江参观上山遗址,像所有慕名来访的专家一样,惊叹这是惊世大发现!自2005年1月20日浙江省文物局、浦江县人民政府在浦江联合举行“上山遗址考古成果新闻会”后,浦江县上山遗址发现距今万年栽培稻遗存的消息,通过国内外新闻媒体迅速传遍了世界,掀起了中外考古界又一轮上山遗址考古热,先后有澳大利亚、美国、日本和香港、北京等国内外考古专家分批考察、访问了上山遗址。

山不在高,有仙则名。上山,这块平淡无奇的土坡下,竟埋藏着万古谜题,这无异于平地一声春雷,把个荒坡化成了一方“宝地”,顿时间名闻遐迩。

层层撩开万古之谜面纱

浙江浦江上山遗址的发现并不偶然:早在上世纪70年代,白马镇傅宅村南浦阳江北岸在改田中就发现了石斧、石镞、红陶三足鼎等新石器时代的文物,轰动一时。到上世纪80年代初,位于浦阳江上游的浦江县黄宅镇渠南村,又传出村民烧砖取土发现了文物的消息。浦江文化部门获悉后立即展开清理与保护工作,于是,一个万古之谜在各级文物工作者的考古研究下,一步步揭开了神秘的面纱。

2000年秋收的季节,浙江省文物考古研究所、浦江县博物馆在黄宅镇渠南村塘山背史前文化遗址进行了考古发掘。考古队在考察周围的地形、地貌中,发现了塘山北遗址的墓葬区,然后在北边发现了上山遗址。考古队在塘山背墓葬出土的近200件鼎、豆、罐、釜、甑、壶等随葬器物型制及生土地层关系判断,认为它们具备良渚文化的特征。这就是说在这里发现了钱塘江以南第一个良渚文化墓地,而北边的上山遗址则从石球、磨盘诸石器及灰坑堆积物中分析,它具有内涵比较陌生的许多不确定因素,因此,它是一个谜团,一个一时难以破解的考古之谜。

带着这个谜,省考古队对上山遗址的发掘资料进行了认真研究,把上山遗址四片夹碳陶片送到北京进行年代测试。2003年2月初,北京大学传来测试的惊人消息:上山遗址的年代距今已约9000―11000年!省文物考古研究所的专家获此消息,当时的心情既兴奋又将信将疑。6月,参加上山遗址的考古专家们又对发掘的石器、陶片进行全新分析,结果发现陶胎中有稻壳遗存,经测定属于栽培稻范畴。2003年11月,这两项重大发现在《中国文物报》上发表。

为进一步解开谜题,扩大成果,2004年10月,浙江省文物考古研究所、浦江县博物馆联合对上山遗址进行第二次发掘,并邀请香港中文大学人类学系的中国社会科学院考古研究所的专家一道进行研究。这一次发掘用多学科的手段,采取浮选收集植物遗存措施,经过数周的艰苦发掘,发现了数量较多的打制石器。专家介绍,这种打制、磨制石器并存,并以打制石器为主的遗存现象,反映了上山遗址保留着浓厚的由旧石器向新石器过渡的原始特征,这就进一步证明了遗址的原始性与古老性。就这样,人们发现了震惊中外的上山遗址。上山遗址释放出史前文化的最新信息。

考古的重大突破

上山遗址的发现为什么会在考古界引起震动?浙江省文物考古研究所研究员、浦江上山遗址考古领队蒋乐平说,目前历史和考古学界最重要的三大课题是:人类的起源、农业(稻作)文明的起源和国家的起源。在我国,人类起源的代表性发现有北京猿人,农业文明的代表性发现有河姆渡遗址等,国家起源的代表性发现有良渚遗址等,而上山遗址的发现将在农业起源的研究方面产生巨大的影响。

我国栽种水稻的历史,早年在河南渑池县仰韶村新石器时代遗址的陶片中得到了印证,河南渑池是距今约5000余年前稻米颗粒的遗址,后在上世纪70年掘的浙江河姆渡新石器时代遗址中发现的稻谷,时代断定为距今7000余年,此后在江西、湖南等地又发现了距今1万年前后的栽培稻后遗迹。浦江上山遗址出土的夹炭陶片表面,发现了较多的稻壳印痕,胎土中夹杂着大量的稻壳。经过专家研究表明:上山遗址是迄今发现的、保存丰富栽培稻遗存的、年代最早的新石器时代遗址,它比河姆渡早3000年!这证明了上山遗址所在的长江下游地区,是世界稻作农业的最早发源地之一。

上山遗址的发现,是中国早期新石器时代考古的重大突破。使用陶器、制作磨光石工具、营建房屋及村落,是考古学上所见我国新石器时代的主要特征,这次发掘的上山遗址文化层多达七层,第三至七层为新石器时代堆积,厚度约40―50厘米,在这里发现的圆石球、不规则扁方长体的石磨棒,形体较大的石磨盘,据考古专家分析,当年的浦江先人已经开始把谷放在石磨盘上加工,然而用石磨棒来回磨出大米。而那100多个石球,是浦江先人用来狩猎还是敲砸坚果的呢?考古人员则无法定论。还有那中央有一个圆形凹陷的石槽,专家推测那是用来砸坚果的,这说明那时还保留着采集时代的特点。在这里发现的外形单调的大口盘、侈口釜、直口罐等陶器,据考古专家说,这是新石器时代原始性的表现。这里还发现了较规整的圆形和正方形灰坑、干栏式房基以及沟槽形式的房基建筑遗迹,遗迹的第三层下发现的1号房址,还具有明确的结构单元,总长14米,总宽约6米,西北――东南向,柱洞分三列,基本平行分布,每列间的柱洞一一对应,这种类型的建筑布局与河姆渡遗址的干栏建筑有相似之处,2号房址发现在第七层下,初步确定为基槽式房址。所有组合性砸器、刮削器、尖状器、小石器和石核石器等打磨石器的大量出土及发现结构比较完整的木构建筑基址,都充分反映了长江下游地区在新石器时代早期的生产、生活模式。

浦江县对上山遗址的发掘给予高度重视,县长赵敏在上山“遗址考古成果新闻会”中指出:上山遗址的发掘,充分展示了浦江悠久的历史,也为长江下游东南沿海地区新石器早期的文化研究提供了一个新的坐标。据悉,浙江省文物局和浦江县政府已上报国家文物局,决定在2005年夏季开始扩大上山遗址的发掘规模,并在发掘工作中加大多学科合作研究的力度以进一步确立上山遗址在早期新石器时代世界稻作文明史上的地位。

Unearthing Ancient Farming

By Hong Guorong Archaeology

On January 20, 2005, a press conference was held to release news on the archaeological results of the Shangshan Site in Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province. Since then archaeologists from both home and abroad have come to take a look at the unusual wonder.

What was found at the site was rice cultivation that took place about 10,000 ago.

Why is the news sensational?

Jiang Leping, leader of the archaeological team at the site says that the three major historical and archaeological important subjects today are origins of humanity, agriculture and state. In China, Peking man points to the origin of human beings in the country. The Humudu Site in Zhejiang relates the story of the country's prehistorical agricultural civilization, and the Liangzhu Site represents the state power in its initial shape. As one of the earliest sites of the ancient rice cultivation in the country, the archaeological finds at the Shangshan Site will shed light on ancient farming.

The rice remnants at the Shangshan site are the best preserved at the earliest Neolithic site. The finds there are regarded as a breakthrough in archaeological probes into the Neolithic Age. Our ancestors there began using tools for rice milling. There are roughly round and square ash pits, house foundations, and building remnants. Among the finds are ceramics, stone tools, and foundations of wooden buildings, all pointing to the life and production modes in the earlier period of the Neolithic Age in the lower reach of the Yangtze River.

It is by no accident that archaeologists zeroed in on the site. In the early 1970s, local farmers in Pujiang County found Neolithic articles by a river when they were trying to turn some river bank area into crop fields. In the early 1980s, villagers in Pujiang County dug out relic articles when they fetched soil from a pit to make bricks.

In the autumn of 2000, archaeologists from the Institute of Zhejiang Cultural Relic Archaeology and Pujiang Museum joined hands to dig into a prehistorical site near Shangshan. They looked around the site and found a burial ground and then they spotted Shangshan. In the burial ground they unearthed more than 200 tools buried with the dead. At Shangshan, they found ash pits and stone tools. After analyzing what they found in the pits, they thought they had spotted something they had never seen before. Four pottery shards with charcoal were dispatched to Beijing University for further analysis. The feedback came in February 2003: the pottery shards were about 9,000-10,000 years old. In June, the experts in the province conducted new analyses on the stone tools and pottery shards. Rice hulls were found as ingredients embedded in the pottery pieces. After further studies, the experts confirmed that the rice was a cultivated species.

In October 2004, the archaeologists started another massive campaign at the site, hoping to unearth more convincing evidence. Experts from the Archaeological Research Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences were invited. After several weeks, a great number of flaked stone tools were found there. Experts say that the coexistence of flaked stone tools and polished stone tools found at the site means that the primitive residents were in a transition period from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age. The new finds confirmed the antiquity of the site.