单选题命题方法“解密”与精练
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随着英语中考命题的不断创新,单选题的命制更加贴近学生的生活实际,凸显出试题题干设计的情境化和生活化,在较真实的语境中对考生的语言知识和语言运用能力进行考查,避免了单纯考查语言知识的情况,也增加了试题的灵活性和难度。本文试结合典型试题来“解密”中考单选题命题的常见手法及应试策略,以期帮助同学们决胜2010年中考。
一、增加插入语,干扰考生的正常思维
命题者有意在一个句子中增加插入语,造成原本紧密相连的句子成分的隔离,以此打破句子的平衡结构,进而影响考生的正常思维,甚至把考生引向“歧途”。
【典型试题】John plays football _________if not better than,David.
A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as
【简析】由于题干中插入了“if not better than”,从而影响了考生对句子整体结构的辨识。如果去掉插入语,原题变为“John plays football _________ ,David.”,难度自然降低。很显然,这是一个最基本的考查副词原级比较的问题,考生可顺利选出正确选项B。
【典型试题】The days we look forward to _________ at last.
A. comes B. to come C. came D. coming
【简析】本题很容易被误认为介词to的后面要接动名词(即动词-ing的形式)。实际上we look forward to是一个定语从句,介词to有其相应的宾语(被省略的that)。如果将这个从句去掉,就可以看出本题缺少一个谓语。故C项正确。
【应试策略】去掉插入语,还原试题的本来面目,题干就会变得简洁,从而使得解题变得简单起来。
二、省略句子成分,考查考生的理解能力
句子成分的省略也是提高试题难度的常见方法之一。通常是把语法结构中的标志词语和联系上下文语境的关键词省略。省略句造成句子结构的不完整、语意上的不连贯,使考生不易看清句子的完整结构,进而影响考生对句子结构的整体把握和对试题所提供的语言情景的正确理解。
【典型试题】―How long has this bookshop been in business?
― _________ 1982.
A. AfterB. InC. SinceD. From
【简析】将答语部分改为一个完整的句子:This bookshop has been in business _________ 1982. 在所给的选项中只有since能同现在完成时连用,故C项正确。
【典型试题】―Write to me when you get home.
― _________.
A. I must? B. I should C. I will D. I can
【简析】祈使句通常指未来的动作,其答语一般要用将来时。该句用了简略答语形式,把其补全应为:I will write to you when I get home.故C项正确。
【应试策略】对于这类试题,可根据语言结构和语境来补全省略的部分,使句子结构变得明朗化,这样,选出正确答案便是水到渠成的事了。
三、巧用追加限制,考查考生的答题策略
命题人常利用考生急于求成的答题心理,巧妙地把题目成立的限制条件放在后面,来考查考生的答题策略是否科学。这种方法常用在对话型的试题中,给那些急于求答的考生和不细心的考生设置了障碍。
【典型试题】―Do you remember _________ he came?
―Yes. He came by car.
A. whenB. whyC. ifD. how
【简析】这道题目的关键信息是he came by car,由此可推断,问题是“他怎么来的”,故选D项。如果匆忙作答或忽略 “He came by car.”这一关键信息句,就可能误选A项或B项。
【典型试题】Shirley _________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether she has finished it.
A. has writtenB. wroteC. had writtenD. was writing
【简析】考生容易受last year的误导,而错选B项。实际上这道题目的关键信息是后面的“but I don’t know whether she has finished it”,故正确答案为D项。
【应试策略】 要耐心读完题干和选项,找到制约试题的关键信息。
四、利用熟题翻新,考查考生的应变能力
思维定势是学习过程中形成的一种习惯性的思维倾向。它在语言学习中有积极的作用,但也会导致学生不去仔细分析问题,生搬硬套、教条地解题,造成失误。所以,命题者往往运用“熟题翻新”的手法来考查考生是否具有灵活运用所学知识去分析、解决问题的能力。
【典型试题】―Is _________ here?
―No,Simon and Daniel have asked for leave.
A. anybodyB. somebodyC. everybodyD. nobody
【简析】有些考生只死记语法规则,一看该题是个疑问句,不看答语,便选了anybody,并认为这题太简单了。实际上这是课堂上或其他一些场合中经常用到的交际用语,意思是“大家都到齐了吗?” 同学们在解题时一定要清楚:语法规则必须融入到语言情景之中,使其达到交际的目的,决不能孤立地使用。故正确答案应该是C项。
【典型试题】I agree with most of what you said,but I don’t agree with .
A. everythingB. anythingC. somethingD. nothing
【简析】前半部分I agree with most of what you said已经把这句话的意思表达清楚了,所以后半部分应是一个部分否定句型,故选A项。如果不注意这一语境的特殊性,由于思维定势的作用,就可能误选B项。
【应试策略】认真分析语境,找出其命题点所在,进而正确解题。在解答这类题的过程中,千万不能因为思维定势而在熟题上“翻跟头”。
五、运用汉语“负迁移”,考查学生的语言素养
由于中西文化传统、风俗习惯的不同,特别是思维方式的差异,中西方在待人接物方面有不同的语言习惯。在考查日常交际用语的试题中,命题者常常据此设计一些汉语化的句子来迷惑考生。这就要求考生不但要有扎实的语言基础知识,更要了解英语国家的文化背景、风俗习惯,避免汉语化的英语。
【典型试题】―I think you should phone Millie and say sorry to her.
―_________. It was her fault.
A. No wayB. Not possibleC. No chanceD. Not at all
【简析】考生做此题时容易误选B项。其实该选项明显带有汉语的痕迹,英语表示“不可能”常用impossible。此题的语境要求表示“决不”,这从后加限制信息句(It was her fault.)可以看出,按照英语的习惯表达只能选择A项。
【典型试题】―What about having a drink?
―_________.
A. Good idea B. Help yourself C. Go ahead,please D. Me,too
【简析】作为征求对方意见的口气:喝一杯好吗?回答应该是 “Good idea”。受汉语的影响,考生易误选B、C两项。
【应试策略】加强对典型交际用语的记忆,并养成英语的思维习惯,坚决杜绝汉式英语。
六、妙用相似结构,测试考生“双基”的掌握情况
命题者常把语法结构相似的句型放在同一语境中,用来考查考生“双基”掌握的情况。
【典型试题】The number of people invited _________ fifty,but a number of
themabsent for different reasons.
A. were;wasB. was;wasC. was;wereD. were;were
【简析】本题考查两个相似的短语a number of和the number of。the number of people在句中作主语,指被邀请人的数量,后面的谓语要用单数形式;a number of them意为many of them,故后面的谓语用复数形式。所以C项正确。
【典型试题】―The light in the office is still on.
―Oh,I forgot_________.
A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it offD. having turned it off
【简析】该题的考查目标是通过语境来辨析forget to do sth.和forget doing sth.在意义上的区别。只要记清forget to do sth.的意思是“忘记做某事(该事还没有做)”,而forget doing sth.则是“忘记曾经做过某事”,再根据句中提供的情景“办公室还亮着灯”,便可判断出C为正确答案。
【应试策略】认真研读试题,找出其考查的知识要点,并加以比较和辨析,认清它们之间的区别,结合语境做出最佳选择。
七、巧用句式变换,考查考生的分析能力
句式转换是增加试题难度的一个常用方法。中考中一些单项选择题的测试点本来十分简单,但命题者有意把题干复杂化,通常不是以一般的陈述句、疑问句等简单的句式出现,而是以反意疑问句或否定疑问句等非正常语序的句式出现,考查考生理清句子脉络,分析理解题干的能力。
【典型试题】Whom would you rather have _________ with you?
A. to go B. go C. gone D. going
【简析】如将本题题干改成:Would you rather have whom with you? 这样我们一眼就可以看出答案为B。测试的知识点是使役动词have的宾语补足语用动词原形表示“将要”。由于倒装句的使用,句子的结构变得陌生,对于这类题,可将题干还原成一个陈述句。
【典型试题】A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _________ in the kitchen.
A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked
【简析】将题干改写为主动句,则为“A cook will be immediately fired if the boss finds himin the kitchen.”很容易看出考查的知识点是find sb. doing sth.故 B项正确。
【应试策略】把非正常语序转换成正常语序(如将倒装句改为陈述句;改被动句为主动句等),以降低试题的难度,从而为正确解题“扫除”障碍。
八、巧用固定搭配,考查学生的判断能力
中考试题有大量考查固定搭配的试题。为了提高试题难度,命题人常把固定搭配拆开或将原本可以完整表述的内容拆成两部分,放在不同的语言单位里或设计成对话形式。这就给考生的正常理解制造了障碍,对考生的理解力、判断力提出了更高要求。
【典型试题】She looks forward every spring to _________ the flower-lined garden.
A. visitB. pay a visitC. walk inD. walking in
【简析】本题考查固定搭配look forward to,其中to是介词,后面要用名词、动名词。命题者在这一短语中加入every spring,把这一固定搭配分开了,但只要考生能根据中心词look forward联想起整个短语look forward to,便可迅速选出正确答案D项。
【应试策略】解题过程中要擅长根据词组的中心词来联想整个短语,然后根据短语的固定用法便可以迅速得到正确答案。
虽然中考命题的手法在不断地发展变化,但万变不离其宗,只要同学们具有扎实的语言基本功,把握住命题者的思路,删繁就简,化难为易,就能在中考中立于不败之地。在复习迎考的过程中,同学们还要把握好如下复习策略:
建立“错题集”,并不断总结。在复习迎考期间,应该建立错题集,把错题收集起来,并认真对错题进行分析、思考和总结,直到真正弄懂该题为止。有空时,经常翻看错题集,久而久之,正确率会大大提高。
词义记忆不容忽视。意思不理解是造成答题错误的最主要原因,而造成意思不理解的主要原因是词汇意思记不清。虽然所有考纲词汇都已学过,但同学们可能会有不同程度的遗忘。因此,词汇记忆仍是复习的重点之一。
背诵课文行之有效。背诵永远是语言学习最有效的方法之一。同学们切不可勤于题海,而荒于背诵。背诵课文可巩固词汇,提高阅读速度,增强语感,对快速准确解答单选题有着很大的作用。
迎考专练
单项选择 (从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。)
1. ―I’ve got a little _________ in my house.
―Why not keep two or more?
A. juice B. mice C. bread D. fish
2. ―Please give me a_________ when you arrive.
―OK. I’ll tell you everything as soon as I get there.
A. ring B. hand C. ride D. present
3. ―Put _________ waste bag into the dustbin,please.
―It’s not _________ waste bag. It’s my shopping bag.
A. a;theB. the;a C. /;a D. /;the
4._________ umbrella is _________ useful tool in raining days.
A. A;aB. An;a C. The;/D. A;an
5. ―You are always full of _________. Can you tell me the secret?
―Doing enough morning exercises every day.
A. powerB. influenceC. energy D. force
6. ―Shall we go out for a walk?
―Sorry. This is not the right _________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
A. moment B. place C. chanceD. space
7. ―How about _________ English evening party?
―I should say it was great success.
A. a;aB. the;a C. a;/ D. the;/
8. ―If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow,why not take _________?
―That’s a good idea.
A. eitherB. bothC. allD. any
9. ―Three days’ time has been wasted!
―I can’t believe we did all that work for _________ .
A. everythingB. nothingC. anythingD. something
10. To know more about China Space Museum,you can use the Internet or go to the library,or _________.
A. neither B. someC. all D. both
11. “Some of the stickers belong to me,while the rest are _________,” the boy said.
A. him and herB. his and hers C. his and herD. him and hers
12. ―There used to be lots of fish in the river near our school.
―Yes,but there are very _________ now.
A. lessB. littleC. fewD. fewer
13. It’s reported that the heavy snow have left about _________ people homeless in Hebei Province.
A. two thousandB. two-thousandsC. two thousands D. two thousands of
14. “You have failed two tests. You’d better start working harder,_________ you won’t past the course,” the teacher said to the boy student.
A. andB. soC. orD. but
15. Mr Wang went to Shanghai _________ November,and come back home
the morning of December 2.
A. in;inB. in;onC. on;atD. by;from
16. ―How long have you been like this,young man?
―_________ July 3rd,Monday.
A. FromB. Since C. AfterD. Before
17. I’m sorry to have to say this,_________ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.
A. andB. so C. becauseD. but
18. “There at the door stands a boy about the same height _________,” Simon said to his best friend.
A. as he B. with meC. as mineD. with mine
19. Daniel is a careful driver,but he drives_________ of my friends.
A. more carefullyB. the most carefully
C. less carefully D. the least carefully
20. The number of audience in the cinema is _________ than we thought. There must be many tickets left.
A. much smaller B. much more C. much largerD. many more
21. Of all the films,I like this one _________. It’s not worth watching at all.
A. most B. bestC. worstD. least
22. ―Look! The boy is running so fast!
―Hard to _________ he is only six years old this year.
A. know B. imagine C. realize D. find
23. I _________ the last bus and didn’t have enough money for taxi,so I had to walk home last night.
A. reached B. missed C. caughtD. lost
24. ―_________ for the glass!
―It’s OK. I’m wearing my boots.
A. Look out B. Walk out C. Go out D. Give out
25. ―Has Peter finished his homework today?
―Sorry,I don’t know. He _________ it this morning.
A. didB.has done C. was doing D. had done
26. ―_________ you _________ them around Yancheng Technology Museum yet?
―Yes. We had a great time there.
A. Have;shown B. Do;showC. Had;shownD. Did;show
27. ―What’s the terrible noise?
―The neighbours _________ for a birthday party.
A. have preparedB. are preparingC. prepareD. will prepare
28. ―Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
―Yes,I did. You know,Yao Ming,who is one of my heroes,_________ in the match.
A. is playingB. has playedC. was playing D. had played
29. ―Did the book give the information you need?
―Yes. But _________ it,I had to read the whole book.
A. find B. finding C. found D. to find
30.―Excuse me. Is this the right way to Suguo Supermarket?
―Sorry,I am not sure. But it _________ be.
A. will B. mustC. canD. might
31._________ good news! Liu Xiang won a golden medal in the 11th National Games in October,2009.
A. What B. What a C. HowD. How a
32.―Hundreds of people in our country have died because of H1N1 Flu.
―_________
A. Sorry to hear that. B. What’s the matter with them?
C. Never mind.D. Are they all right?
33. ―Daniel,feed the bird today,_________ ?
―But I fed it yesterday.
A. don’t youB. didn’t you C. won’t youD. haven’t you
34. It’s said that the _________ boy was last seen _________ near the little river.
A. missing;playing B. missed;playing C. missing;played D. missed;played
35. ―You’ve left the light in your bedroom on.
―Oh,so I have. _________ and turn it off.
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone C. I goD. I’m going
36. ―Is Peter coming by bus?
―He should,but he _________ not. He likes driving his car.
A. must B. canC. need D. may
37. It’s time for weather report,but I can hardly hear the TV set. Would you please_________?
A. turn it onB. turn it downC. turn it up D. turn it off
38. ―Are you still busy,Millie?
―Yes,I _________ my work,and it won’t take long.
A. just finish B. am just finishing
C. have just finishedD. am just going to finish
39.―I hear Kate has gone to the Hainan Island for her holiday.
―Oh,how nice. Do you know when she _________?
A. was leaving B. had leftC. has left D. left
40.―What would you do if it _________ tomorrow?
―We have to carry it on,since we’ve got everything ready.
A. rainB. rains C. will rainD. is raining
参考答案
1―5 D A B B C6―10 A B B B D11―15 B C A C B16―20 B D C D A21―25 D B B A C26―30 A B C D D31―35 A A C A A36―40 D C D D B