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留学文书写作中存在的通病(1)

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在之前的文章里,笔者已经多次提醒申请者不要在留学文书中写“I am eager to learn knowledge”之类的句子,主要原因是单词learn本身已经包含了knowledge的含义。在Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary中,learn的第一条释义为“to gain knowledge or skill by studying, from experience, from being taught, etc”。由此可见,在learn后接上knowledge纯属画蛇添足,不是地道的英文搭配。不建议写此类句子的另一个原因是很多人有些过度使用learn knowledge这种表达。在我们所接触的申请者中,有90%的人都会在自己的文书里用learn knowledge这个表达,有的甚至在同一篇文章中用十来次,似乎留学文书除了表达“学习知识”之外就没有其他内容可写了。我们可以把此类现象归纳为中国申请者在留学文书写作中的通病。本文为大家总结了三种最为突出、最具代表性的通病,并提出有效的“治病方案”。

金玉其外,败絮其中

不少人在备考托福、SAT、GRE、雅思等语言考试的过程中通过死记硬背记住了不少意思艰深的英语单词,这些单词即使对那些以英语为母语的人士来说也是有相当难度的,甚至有部分单词他们都未必认识,更谈不上在日常交流中使用了。可是,有很多申请者却一味追求文字艰深晦涩,在自己的文书中大量使用GRE级别的词汇,最后导致的结果是文章徒有华丽的辞藻,实质内容却禁不起推敲。更有甚者,一些留学中介误人子弟,在他们为申请者提供的“精美文书”中,不仅到处是华而不实的辞藻,有些句子甚至整个段落的结构都是混乱的,语法错误也频频出现。最可怕的是,申请者自己全然不知问题的严重性。接下来笔者通过实例来给大家进行分析讲解。

以下三个例子选自同一篇留学文书,该申请者想申请去美国读生物专业的本科。

例1:My hometown is familiar to most Chinese people as “the city of heroes,” for which, however, is not a pride because it indicates the egregious problem of pollution in which the “heroic people” live. In the monumental air and water pollution, my hometown is also widely known for the significant food safety incident of “tainted milk.”

The shame of the incident has made me particularly concerned about food safety issues.

评析:划线部分存在语法和用词两方面的问题。两个定语从句which前的介词使用错误,其与从句所修饰的名词毫无关系。单词egregious (极其严重的,极坏的)和monumental (巨大的,不朽的)属于前文提到的“华丽的辞藻”,前者一般用于形容错误和失误,后者是个褒义词,一般用来描述建筑、艺术作品、重大历史事件和具有纪念意义的事物。可见,这两个词用来形容pollution和air都不合适。Shame (羞耻)是人的一种情绪或心态,无法和incident (事件)搭配使用。

修改后:My hometown, Shijiazhuang, is familiar to most Chinese people as “the city of heroes.” However, there is nothing much to be proud of when the “heroic people” are clueless as to how to combat the appalling air and water pollution that is plaguing the city. To make matters worse, the town has been brought into the public eye over the significant food safety incident of “tainted milk.”

As a concerned citizen, I feel ashamed.

评析:修改后的句子短小精悍,先说石家庄的别名是“英雄之城”,后又提到居住在“英雄之城”的市民面对城市的环境污染问题却束手无策,传达出一种讽刺的效果。最后一句的“I feel ashamed”不仅改正了原文中的用词错误,同时也很好地引出了“我”学生物学的动机。

例2:As per my findings from intensive research on rhodopseudomonas palustris (沼泽红假单胞菌), production was actually simple in spite of the fact of two problems: unstable quality and failure in mass production. The key here was just a piece of culture apparatus effective in moving the bacteria from the inside wall of the apparatus and thus enhancing the per-unit production and keeping the quality stable.

评析:本段中的语言矫揉造作:“as per my findings from”应简化为“I found that ...”或“my research showed that …”。最后一句中的the key表义不清,应进行详细解释,可改为“the solution of the problem should be …”或“what is lacking is …”,这样读者才知道问题的症结和解决方案是什么。同时语法也有问题:in spite of the fact后面应该跟that从句,而不是名词。

修改后:My research on rhodopseudomonas palustris showed that production was actually simple in spite of two problems: unstable quality and failure in mass production. What was lacking here was just a piece of culture apparatus effective in moving the bacteria from the inside wall of the apparatus and thus enhancing the per-unit production and keeping the quality stable.

评析:高中生参与到科研中,能做一些简单的研究已经不错了,但修改前的句子把它说成是intensive research,显然是言过其实,该形容词在修改后的句子中消失了。另外,修改后的逻辑非常清晰:提出问题,并提出了解决问题的方法。

例3:All the time, I dream of improving people’s lives through biological sciences, and I hope sincerely to start doing so by studying at your esteemed and extinguished university, with its powerful support in technology and resources, and its source of inspiration!

评析:这段话是文章的结尾段,主要存在三个问题。第一,即使抛开辞藻华丽这一点,仅从文字表达的意思上看,这段话依然不合逻辑:大学怎么支持科技、资源和灵感?第二,我们在之前的文章中已经多次告诫申请者不要突然引入第二人称your esteemed university,这里却出现了这个问题。第三,extinguished (熄灭的)用来修饰大学是极其严重的用词错误,申请者想要表达的应是distinguished。不过,就算写对了,也没多大用处,因为esteemed和distinguished之类虚假的恭维是英美人士不喜欢听的。

修改后:I am hopeful that my UPenn education in biology will help me in my rather ambitious cause to change the image of my hometown so that it truly lives up to its good name as the city of heroes.

评析:原文“All the time, I dream of improving people’s lives through biological sciences”有为全人类的解放事业奋斗终生的口气,但是不可信。修改后“全人类”变成了“石家庄”,申请者希望通过学习生物来改善家乡的环境问题,使the city of heroes这个美名更名符其实,这样的说法就更让人信服了。

语义模糊,弄虚作假

由于留学申请者越来越倾向于低龄化,有些申请者的英语写作水平较低,因此写出的文书里存在大量语法问题(如时态错乱、主谓不一致等)以及由此导致的语义不清,这都可以算作是无心之过。但还有一些申请者,由于自己经历有限,并没有很多值得一书的“好人好事”,于是便通过“移花接木”或“偷天换日”的伎俩,故意把文章的时态模糊化处理,比如把自己要做的事或是做了一半的事写成过去时、现在完成时,从而使读者产生错觉,以为这是已经发生过的事。还有申请者故意把一个团队合作完成的项目写成是自己独自完成的,但是写着写着就露馅了,因为文章里会突然出现we、our、team member、my friend之类的词。此类问题比起单纯的语法和用词错误更为严重,甚至可以说是恶劣。

例1:With two feet tied on stilted blades, I struggled to stand on. Falling over any time not enough care was paid, a small step seemed impossible.

评析:在例1中,申请者描述了自己试穿残疾人假肢,一不小心就跌倒的经历。但是划线部分主谓不清,被动语态误用,句子结构也有问题,让读者看不明白这是要表达什么内容。

修改后:With two feet tied on stilted blades, I struggled to stand on my feet. I fell down numerous times when I was not paying attention and even when I was paying attention.

评析:在描述自己的亲身经历和所见所闻时,一定要多用简单明了的主谓结构和主动语态,以表明文书的主人公是“我”。

例2:Before the international robotic contest, all contestants in China needed to gather in Shanghai first. Unexpectedly, the teacher leading our team failed to get his visa. The time was tight and it was urgent for us to leave. So, I, together with the other junior high school student, the two of us, went to Shanghai without our teacher. I also shouldered the responsibility as the team leader to take care of all contestants. To my surprise, I discovered a careful and caring side of my personality during this time.

评析:本段有不少语义模糊的地方。①参赛者是否在上海集合了?从上下文看是肯定的,所以needed to应删掉,改为过去时gathered。②文中the teacher leading our team中的our team是指中国队还是指北京队?带队老师/教练是带北京队还是中国队?从上下文看应该是北京队的带队老师/教练。③北京队一共有几个人?从上下文看好像是两个。④“我”临时当了队长,没有说到底是中国队队长还是北京队队长。有多少队友在“我”领导之下?从上下文看好像是北京队的队长,而北京队加上“我”本人,一共只有两人,怎么能说take care of all contestants呢?单词all必须是三个以上对象的情况下使用的。申请者在这段话中有明显拔高自己的倾向,这是不可取的。

修改后:Before our departure to Ohio for the contest, all contestants from China gathered in Shanghai including two of us from Beijing. There would have been three members representing Beijing if it had not been for the fact that our team leader and coach failed to receive his visa in time for the trip. I found myself having to take care of both myself and my fellow Beijing team member by assuming the dual responsibility of contestant and team leader.

评析:修改之后的段落时态正确,语义清晰。

中式英文和“中国特色”表达

中式英文(Chinglish)就是把中文生搬硬套翻译成英文,比如把“小心碰头”译成“caution knock head”,把“夫妻肺片”译成“Husband and Wife Lung Slice”。“中国特色”表达是指那些在中国文化中比较独特的概念或事物,在其他文化中没有对等的概念和文字,因而难以翻译成英文,比如中文里的许多自谦之词(晚生、小辈、拙作)或客套话(“哪里,哪里”“都是自家人,客气什么呀”),还有家庭成员之间的称谓(大伯、爷爷、姑姑、阿姨等)。在这些情况下,我们有必要做适当的解释,避免造成误会。

例1:Last winter, I fixed a clock and made a fashionable face and alarm for an old aunty in our neighborhood.

评析:这句话的本意是“去年冬天,我为邻居阿姨修钟,换上了一个非常时髦的外壳并安装了一个闹钟系统”。但因为作者没有写清楚三个动作都是针对“钟”做的,所以整句话让人很费解。其中,old aunty的问题更严重。在英文里,aunty指姑姑或阿姨,是亲戚。这个称谓不适合指左邻右舍或陌生的女性。另外,“老”在中国文化中是对年长者的一种尊称,比如老先生,但是在英美文化里非常忌讳用old形容老人。

修改后:Last winter, I fixed a malfunctioning clock and added a fashionable case and an alarm system to it for an elderly lady in my neighborhood.

评析:这里“added … to it”中的it指代的是clock,因此三个动作的逻辑关系就清楚了。An elderly lady在表达上比an old lady或an old aunty要妥当得多,人际关系也交代清楚了。

例2:Having been a good student all along, from primary school to high school, I was always the best student in my class because of studying industriously.

评析:这句话主要有两个问题。第一,在中国成绩至上的文化氛围里,“我刻苦读书,成绩优秀,因此我是好学生”这个逻辑是成立的,但这是典型的中式思维,有悖于英美文化的价值观。英文对good的定义非常广,要求非常高,而且太抽象,学生也不能自封是好学生,即便good是他人给予的评价,也必须清楚说明好在哪里。在英美文化里,读书刻苦、成绩优秀的人不一定就是好人,如果这人对他人和社会没有什么贡献,那也不能被称为好人,比如碌碌无为的人中有读书好的人,犯罪分子当中也有读书好的人。再者,学校里的高材生未必是事业上的成功者,因此成绩好和好学生是不能完全划等号的。第二,这句话存在语法问题。既然句子开头是having been a good student all long,那么主句后面的谓语动词应该是相应的一般现在时、现在完成时或现在进行时,但例句中主句谓语动词用的是一般过去时。Having been a good student和I was always the best student表述重复,应删除前者。

修改后:Ever since my elementary school years, I have been an academically competitive student. I have earned a long string of As. To me, anything less than an A is a failure. However, for a long time, particularly during my junior middle school years, I was not a happy girl because I did not have many friends …

评析:首先,把good改为academically competitive,这样就比较客观,也没有“成绩好,所以什么都好”这种牵强附会的逻辑问题。其次,把单纯的自我表扬改写成自省,并在后文中描述了自己在交友时遇到的挫折、犯下的错误、自我的反思和改进,以及最终成功摆脱孤独,学会和人打交道的过程,这远比说“I have always been a good student”有思想、有内涵,还能反映出申请者低调、自谦的优秀品质和与人相处的本领。