巧辨先行词设计的隐蔽性,破解定语从句
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一、设计不作状语的时间性或地点性名词作为先行词
先行词表示时间或地点时，如果在从句中作状语应由when或where引导定语从句。但是如果表示时间或地点的先行词在从句中不作状语而作主语或宾语就只能由which或that而不能由when或where引导定语从句。从这个角度命题增加了考生识别先行词的性质及在从句中的语法功能的能力。
【例1】That evening， I will tell you more about later， I ended up working very late.
A. that B. which
C. what D. when
解析：这里that evening是先行词，其在定语从句中作介词about的宾语，所以用which。句意：以后我将和你谈起的那个晚上，我工作到了很晚。答案为B。
二、设计整个主句作先行词
先行词多为单个的名词、代词或名词短语，但有时也引用整个主句作先行词，此时用which或as引导定语从句。As引导定语从句时表示“正如”之意。设计整个主句作先行词时先行词的识别难度增大。
【例2】It is the third time that she has won the race， has surprised us all.
A. that B. where
C. which D. what
解析：所填词前有逗号，是非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，关系词在从句中作主语。其余选项与题干不符，故答案为C。
三、设计将先行词置身于其他性质的名词中
如果从句前只有充当先行词的单一名词，其性质和功能之别的难度不大，但如果在充当先行词的名词前后加一些性质不同的名词，先行词及其功能的识别难度也将增大。
【例3】She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students allows them to communicate freely with each other.
A. which B. where C. what D. who
解析：分析句子成分可知， an atmosphere与修饰它的定语从句被for her students隔开，该从句缺少主语，所以用which。
四、设计看起来不像时间或地点却在从句中作时间状语或地点状语的先行词
高考英语单项填空题中常设计的先行词在从句中充当时间状语或地点状语，而先行词看起来却不像时间或地点之类的词，这样就增加了考生识别先行词的难度。
【例4】Sales director is a position communication ability is just as important as sales.
A. which B. that
C. when D. where
解析：position为先行词，后面是其定语从句，关系词在从句中作的是地点状语。因此，应该使用关系副词where来引导定语从句，表示在这个职位上。
五、设计用主句谓语动词把定语从句与先行词隔开
定语从句多放在先行词的后面，如果设计将主句谓语动词提前，这样先行词辨别的难度就会加大。
【例5】After the flooding， people were suffering in that area， urgently needed clean water， medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who
C. where D. what
解析：people是先行词而不是area是先行词，在非限制性定语从句中充当主语指人，所以用关系代词who引导。
六、设计定语从句和插入语混合使用中的先行词
在定语从句中使用一个插入短语，使句子表达更加灵活。这样的设计增加了考生识别先行词和先行词在从句中充当句法功能的难度。
【例6】 Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature， ， for some reason， had withdrawn from all human society.
A. which B. who
C. where D. whom
解析：Ellen是先行词，在从句中作主语。由于受插入语for some reason的影响，增加了考生判断先行词在从句中充当句法功能的难度。who是引导非限定性定语从句且在从句中作主语，修饰先行词Ellen。Which修行先行词是物的定语从句；whom修饰先行词为人，且在从句中作宾语；where修饰先行词是地点名词，且在从句中作地点状语，均不符合语境，故排除。答案为B。
七、设计“介词+whom/ which”引导定语从句中与介词搭配的先行词
当关系代词在定语从句中充当介词的宾语时，我们用介词+关系代词（whom或which）引导定语从句。该类定语从句题的难点是怎样选择介词，而介词的确定是根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯来确定的。所以解决该类题型的重点是识别定语从句的先行词。
【例7】Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life should be considered.
A. what B. in what
C. which D. in which
解析：心灵的护理是一个逐渐的过程，在这个过程中，甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。分析句子成分后可知，介词in与先行词process搭配，定语从句“ even the small details of life should be considered”中缺少地点状语，故用where或者in which引导，即D项正确。
八、设计定语从句和强调句型混用的先行词
强调句型“It is （was） +被强调部分+that （who） +句子的其余部分”结构中被强调部分是一个句子中充当主语、宾语或状语的名词或代词，而定语从句中的先行词也是名词或代词。考生在解决该类题时必须先确定名词或代词是强调句型中的被强调部分还是定语从中的先行词，这样增加了考生辨别定语从句中先行词的难度。
【例8】——Have you seem the film Under the Hawthorn Tree？
——Of course， I have. It was in our village
it was made.
A. that B. where
C. when D. which
解析：问话人询问对方是否看过《山楂树之恋》这部电影，答话人回答说当然看过，这部电影是在自己的村庄拍摄的。本句是强调句，被强调的部分是地点状语in our village。部分考生误认为该句是定语从句，误把“village”当做先行词且在从句中从当地点状语，容易误选B。答案实则为A。
【例9】——Where did you get to know her？
——It was on the farm we worked.
A. that B. there
C. which D. where
解析：句意：——你在哪儿认识她的？——在我们工作的农场。一些考生误认为on the farm是强调句型中的被强调部分，会误选A项。实际上，本句是强调句型的省略形式，省略了that及句子的其他成分，在被强调部分中的名词farm后有一个定语从句，farm是先行词。补充完整后该句应为：It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her. 所以正确答案是D项。因此在对话题中，我们应该多考虑一下强调句型与定语从句混合使用的情况。
九、设计定语从句与复合句混合使用中的先行词
复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，往往可以独立存在；而从句仅是句子的一个成分，故不能独立存在，必须有一个关联词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开，放在主句的前面或后面。高考试题中常设计把主从复合句作为先行词，定语从句放在主从复合句的中间，把主从复合句的主句和从句隔开，从而增加了考生辨别主从句作先行词的难度。
【例10】When deeply absorbed in work， he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.
A. that B. which
C. where D. when
解析：在题干中，“______ he often was”为非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个主从复合句“When deeply absorbed in work， he would forget all about eating or sleeping.”关系词在从句中作表语。由此结合选项可知，B选项符合题意。A选项不引导非限制性定语从句，可排除；而C和D选项引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语，不合题意，也可排除。
十、设计把非限制性定语从句插入主句中的先行词
非限制性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开放在句首、句中或句末。但如果设计主句为先行词，并且把非限制性定语从句插入主句中，就增加了考生辨别先行词的难度。
【例11】The air quality in the city， is shown in the report， has improved over the past two months.
A. that B. it
C. as D. what
解析：本句的先行词是“The air quality in the city， has improved over the past two months.”把定语从句分割出来放在句首就很明了了，把句子转换成 is shown in the report， the air quality in the city has improved over the past two months.就能直接看到非限制性定语从句引导词放句首指的是下文所提到的一句话用as引导“正如所写的那样”。答案为C。
【小试身手】
1. By 16：30， was almost closing time， nearly all the paintings had been sold.
A. which B. when
C. what D. that
2. A lot of language learning， has been discovered， is happening in the first year of life， so parents should talk much to their children during that period.
A. as B. it
C. which D. this
3. Maria has written two novels， both of have been made into television series.
A. them B. that
C. which D. what
4. In our class there are 46 students， half wear glasses.
A. in whom B. in them
C. of whom D. of them
5. I wish to thank Professor Smith， without help I would never have got this far.
A. who B. whose
C. whom D. which
6. 100℃ is the temperature which water will boil.
A. for B. at
C. on D. of
7. It was from only a few supplies that she had bought in the village the hostess cooked such a nice dinner.
A. where B. that
C. when D. which
8. John’s success has nothing to do with good luck. It is years of hard work has made him what he is today.
A. why B. when
C. which D. that
9. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt， is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
10. Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others， ， of course， make all the others upset.
A. who B. which
C. what D. that
Key：AACCB BBDDB
（作者单位：甘肃省临泽县一中）