Haze Hazard Season Two
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When the haze went crazy in Beijing and Tianjin in 2012， we made an article named“Haze hazard”. Unexpectedly， in 2012 the haze returned， and based on it we worked out a sequel to the Haze Hazard.
No one would like to see a sequel no better than the first episode. Do not worry. The Haze Hazard season two did not let you down. First： a new place， Season One took place in North China with Beijing as its center while Season Two occurred in South China centering around Shanghai.
Second： a bigger area. The entire Yangtze River Delta was influenced， and then the hazard covered most of South China， making southerners know that the haze was not exclusive to northerners. According to the official data from China Meteorological Administration， there were 25 provinces or over 100 medium and large cities affected by the haze， accounting for half of the area of mainland China.
Third： it lasted longer. Starting from December 1， 2013， the haze shrouding Shanghai， Zhejiang and Jiangsu lasted for a week. Nationwide， there number of hazy days set a new record in 52 years. Anhui， Hunan， Hubei， Zhejiang and Jiangsu saw the most days with haze in one year in their history.
Fourth： it got worse. The citizens of Shanghai and many other southern cities of China were shocked to find that they could not see objects meters away from them. “Everything went white and hazy”. In our last article we compared the scene to the movie “Silent Hill”. This time， “Silent Hill” went silent compared with Shanghai， which was called “Devil City” commonly in China. Prof. Zhuang Guoshun with Fudan University said that “it was the worst haze hazard in the Yangtze River Delta”featuring “the longest duration， the biggest size and the lowest visibility”.
The AQI index was raised again and again. The index of PM2.5 kept panicking and worrying people. Orange and red warnings were frequently sent from TVs and Internet， reminding people of the danger of the misty outside. Kindergartens and schools were closed； people walking out had to wear gauze masks； children， old men and people with chronicle disease were advised to stay at home； planes were forbidden to land or take off. Once for a while， people’s lives were affected by the haze hazard in different ways.
Chinese people were admirable since they did not lose their humor against such a harsh situation. Many ridiculous remarks were left online， telling interesting stories about the haze and the comparison between the haze in Beijing and Shanghai. People need to vent up their frustration and anger in that way. When we laughed at their remarks， a question emerged： why did the haze hazard always stay in China？
The Most Terrible Area
Every time when the question about the formation of haze hazard， many factors were mentioned： the climatic reasons， air pollution from outside， local emission of waste gas and even the burning of straws.
Chen Jinping， a researcher with Shanghai Jiaotong University， said that the haze in Shanghai was there for three reasons： the still wind in Shanghai， the dead wind flowing upward vertically and the air pollution. In his opinion， the lingering haze in Shanghai was related to the inactive cold air， the collective burning of coal for heat supply in North China， the enterprises’ emission of waste gas in Shanghai and surrounding areas， the discharge of waste gas by cars， the raised dust in construction sites and the burning of straws.
Local governmental officials usually highlighted the climatic conditions and the “imported” pollutants when speaking of the haze while giving a little or no description about the local source of pollutants. Many experts believe that the climatic conditions just triggered and deteriorated the haze. The fundamental reason was the continuous emission of pollutants， leading to the size of air pollutants much larger than the capacity the environment could handle by itself.
Chen Jinping agreed with this.“The environmental pollution has become quite bad. Now， a small change in the climatic condition could cause the haze.” Li Zhiqing， deputy director of the Environment & Economy Research Center at Fudan University， said that the roots for the haze hazard were the oversized heavy industry in the economic structure and the over-collective development of cities. The influences upon the environment were stacked one by one till the mass， which was the birth of the haze.
In Li Zhiqing’s opinion， the economic structure in the Yangtze River Delta is changing as the heavy industry is moving to other places and the proportion of service gets higher. But when the structure is changing， the economic volume is increasing fast every year. This means that the heavy industry got a bigger volume in spite of its lower proportion. In addition， the increasing number of cars in Beijing and Shanghai contributed at least 20 percent of PM2.5 in these two cities.
Have a closer look at the sources of haze. In Beijing， the sulfate contributed 30% of the haze. In Shanghai， the ammonium nitrate took 30% of the haze. Wang Yuesi with the Chinese Academy of Sciences thought that the comparison Shanghai’s haze was more related to coal burning， petrochemical and waste gas of cars.
The intensive petrochemical industry in the Yangtze River Delta and the areas alongside the river was a great contributor of the pollutants. The intensive electronic， manufacturing and coating industries will generate a large amount of volatile organic compounds， which are the sources of the haze as well.
The Greenpace’s media director Lin Zi also said that the emission of industrial pollutants was the root of the haze hazard. In 2011， the volume of discharged waste gas in Zhejiang， Jiangsu and Shanghai hit 8667.71 billion cubic meters. In comparison， the volume of discharged waste gas in Beijing， Tianjin and Hebei reached 9100 billion cubic meters. The figures were almost the same and the two regions were similar in area. That’s why they were hit by the haze hazard one by one.
The industrial distribution also gave out answers. In 2012， the cement output in Jiangsu reached 167.75 million tons， the largest in China. The output of cement in the Yangtze River Delta was twice of that in Tianjin， Beijing and Hebei and accounted for 13.3% of the total output in China. In the steel industry， Jiangsu could be in top 3 in the output of crude steel， steel and cast iron in 2012. Lin Zi said that the industries with great emissions of pollutants and consumption of resources heavily relied on the coal. In 2011， 483 million tons of coal were used in the Yangtze River Delta， 100 million tons more than the consumption in Beijing， Tianjin and Hebei.
Then， the thermal power plants should not be forgotten. 2355 thermal power plants with the electricity output of 6MW had been built by 2011 with the total installed capacity of 752GW， higher than the total volume in the U.S. and EU. The Yangtze River Delta was the champion again in that field.
Therefore， the haze hazard was not fortuitous. Wu Dui， chief specialist at Guangdong Meteorological Administration said that the number of hazy days（the visibility is lower than 10 km） in the Pearl River Delta and Beijing area kept decreasing in recent years. Guangzhou， for example， can keep the number of hazy days in a year below 60 while Beijing can drop it to below 100 days. However， the cities in the Yangtze Rive Delta， including Shanghai， Nanjing， Hefei and Hangzhou， averagely have more than 200 hazy days in a year and the upward trend still countries. That means the Yangtze River Delta is actually the most severely influenced area by the haze in China.