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转换是组织信息和加工信息的重要手段

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任务型阅读是一项考查综合能力的题目,它主要考查考生综合运用语言的能力,既考查考生快速获取信息的能力,又考查考生组织信息、加工处理和表达信息的能力。它要求考生能够顺利读懂文章,并能够掌握文章大意,分析文章框架结构,进行判断、推理。同时也要求考生拥有扎实的语法知识和词汇知识,做到应用自如。

任务型阅读考题设置的题型,或以表格形式或以树状图表的形式,将原文主要内容重新呈现。无论是表格形式或树状图表形式,都各有特点。表格形式的强调推理判断,树状图形表更直观地反映出文章的结构。

一、把握“脉络”,准确定位,捕捉信息

任务型阅读题侧重于语篇分析,它剖析文章的篇章结构及框架, 而其考题的设置,无论是以表格形式还是以树状形的图表,他们无疑要紧扣原文。为此,解题时,首先应将表格或图表与阅读原文进行对照,借助所给图表的结构,分析和抓住文章中心内容,把准文章的脉络,并确定表格中某一行或某一列与文章中某一句或某一自然段之间的对应关系。把握好“脉络”,准确定位,才能准确捕足信息。

仅以2010年江苏高考试题任务型阅读题为例:

原文一共有12个自然段,通过快速阅读浏览原文与图表,发现它们与表格的对应关系为:

注:上表中的斜体字及最左一栏为笔者所加,原表格因节省篇幅而作略减)

从上面的分析,可以看出图表与原文自然段的对应关系。为此,我们在解题时,通常需要在其对应的部分寻找信息源,查找相关信息,从而进行有效的信息组织和信息加工。

二、转换组织和加工信息重要手段

考生在对照原文相关部分时,结合图表所提供信息,找出关键词,确定该词汇的变化形式。

1) 词性转换,常见为动词与名词转换、形容词与副词转换、形容词与名词转换等。

如:①(表格) Our earth is a big magnet and a little freely (71) magnetic needle lines itself with the earth magnet to point north and south.

(原文) So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south

说明:在表格a little freely和magnetic needle 间的空格应为形容词修饰magnetic needle,故将原动词swing 转换成可作形容词的ving形式,答案:swinging。

②(表格) One piece of evidence is the (73) of many birds between their summer homes and winter homes.

(原文) Many birds migrate twice a year between their summer homes and winter homes.

说明:在表格the 后应为名词,故需将migrate转换成名词,答案:migration。

③(表格) The (78) of the magnetic stuff for the animal compass

(原文) When people discovered that idea about a thousand years ago and invented the compass,it allowed sailors to navigate (航海) on ocean voyages, even under cloudy skies.

说明:表格中the 后应为名词,故需将discovered 转换为名词。答案:discovery。

2) 转换为同义词

如:(表格)The (75) on pigeons’ and bees’ builtin compasses

(原句) One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their magnetic sense...

Further study showed that each little bacterium had a chain of dense particles inside,...

That led to a search to see whether animals might have it.

说明:文章中多次提到experiment,study, search等,他们均表达同一词意,故该题除了可用原词外,还可换用同义词tests/study/research 等。答案:experiments/tests/study/research。

3) 句子结构的转换

有时,图表或表格中的句子与原句有较大的差异,需做细心比较,找出句子结构差异,确定所用句式。常见的有语态间的变换,主从复合句与简单句间的变换等。

(原文) Our earth itself is a big magnet (磁体). So a little magnetic needle that swings freely lines itself with the big earth magnet to point north and south.When people discovered that idea about a thousand years ago and invented the compass,it allowed sailors to navigate (航海) on ocean voyages, even under cloudy skies.

(表格) (72) on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.

说明:用过去分词短语归纳了上文所述。答案:Based。

4) 选用原句中某些适当的词

有时,我们还可以从原文中找出答案,无需作任何形式上的变化。(仅为词形相同,词性不同)。

如:①(表格) Little rodlike bacteria were found by chance to swim together in the direction of (79) .

(原文) He found accidentally little rodlike bacteria that all swam together in one direction―north.

说明:从原文中的 in one direction―north可知,该题应选用north, 两个均为名词。

②(表格) Some animals had a chain of dense magnetic particles in or close to the (80) inside their bodies.

(原文) In each animal,except for the bee, the magnetic stuff was always in or closer to the brain.

说明:从原文中的in or closer to the brain到表格中的in or close to the (80) 几乎没有变化,可知需用名词brain(s)即可。

③(表格) Little magnets were tied to the pigeons’ heads to (76) their magnetic sense.

(原文) One interesting experiment was to attach little magnets to the birds’ heads to block their magnetic sense―just as a loud radio can keep you from hearing a call to dinner.

说明:从 to block their magnetic sense,可知用动词block。

三、细节决定成败

任务型阅读的题目设置,围绕不同的阅读技能和语言应用而展开,涉及词性转换、词语释义、同义替换、语法结构、归纳演绎、结构分析、细节理解等。任务型阅读的表达部分即有字数限制 (通常每空一词),也有一些要求,诸如大小写、单复数、答题的前后的一致性及词性等等,这常常是考生所忽视的。按高考阅卷要求,不合要求的是不得分的。

往往细节决定成败。

如:①(表格) (72) on the idea above, the navigating compass was invented.

答案为: Based。此处需要首字母大写。

②(2008表格) (74) _________

答案为: Suggestions (除了需大写首字母外,还需用复数形式)

研究图表,强调与原文的对照,借助所给图表结构抓住文章的主要内容、各章节或自然段的内容,把握文章的脉络,捕捉有用的信息, 运用我们掌握的语法知识和词汇转换的相关知识,这样才能准确地去答题。

(作者:杨定生,南京市第四中学)