解密定语从句
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所谓定语从句，就是在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中的某一名词或代词的从句。在英文中有两种定语从句：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，这两种定语从句在其功能和形式上都有明显的区别：限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用；非限定性定语从句在形式上与主句很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗号隔开，它对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用。试比较：
The old man has a son who works in the hospital. （此句意为：那位老人有一个在医院工作的儿子。在此句中，限定性定语从句对其先行词son进行限定、修饰，言下之意那位老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作。）
The old man has a son，who works in the hospital.（此句中，非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明。此句意为：那位老人只有一个儿子，他在医院工作。）
在初中阶段，学生应着重掌握限定性定语从句，以下介绍均是围绕限定性定语从句展开的。引导定语从句的是关系代词（that, which, who, whose, whom）和关系副词（when, where, why）。关系代词和关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，既起连接作用，又充当从句的一个成份。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。
要熟练掌握定语从句，，关键是突破以下六点：
一、 选准关系代词或关系副词
在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：
I still remember the days which/that we spent together.
I still remember the days when we played together.
二、 了解仅用that引导定语从句的几种情况
1.先行词是all, little, much, none, everything, anything, nothing等代词时
Is there anything that you don’t understand?
2. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等限定词修饰时（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who, whom引导）
He is the only person that/who can give you some useful advice.
3.先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no, any等词修饰时
I want to finish all the sandwiches that my mum bought for me.
4. 先行词既指人又指物
We often talk about the things and the persons that we learn from the book.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时
This is the most exciting film that I have ever seen.
6. 主句是who或which引导的特殊疑问句
Who is the film star that you like best?
三、 注意定语从句中的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：Jim is one of the boys who come from the USA.
Jim is the only one of the boys who comes from the USA.
四、 保持主句的完整性
在定语从句中，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可。例如：
Is this school the one we visited last year?
Is this the school which/that we visited last year?
五、 避免从句成分的重叠
在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词重叠的成分。例如：
Is this the bus that we took it yesterday？ （√）
Is this the bus that we took yesterday？（×）
六、 了解关系代词不能省略的情况
一般情况下，that, which, whom可以省略，但在以下情况下不能省略：
1.关系代词that在从句中作介词的宾语时不能省略，而且介词不能放在that之前，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面
The man that my mum is talking with is my English teacher.
2. 关系代词which, whom在从句中作介词的宾语时不能省略。介词可以放在which, whom之间，也可以放在从句中有关动词的后面
I still remember the day on which I joined the Party.
3. that，which, who在从句中作主语时不能省略
Who is the man that is talking with your father?
请试做以下几道选词填空题：
1. The teacher（whom; which; who） teaches us Chinese is Mr. Wu.
2. Jim is the last boy（who; that; which） hands in his homework every day.
3. This is the most interesting book
（that; which; who） I have ever read.
4. The hotel（which; where; that） I stayed has ten floors.
（答案：1. who2. that3. that4.where）
请再试做以下几道中考选择题：
1. （2010・江苏泰州） ―Is everything
we need to do？
―Yes. You needn’t worry about it.
A. which；has done B. which；doing
C. that；has done D. that；done
2. （2010・江西南昌） Do you remember the report about the teacherwas read by our monitor last week？
A. whichB. whatC. whomD. who
3.（2010・浙江玉溪） A friend is someone
fills our lives with beauty，joy and grace，and makes the world we live in a better and happier place.
A. which B. whoC. where D. hom
4. （2009・湖北黄冈）―Do you know
there will be a football match at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning in the city square？
―Yes. I read about it in the newspaper
I bought yesterday.
A. which; that B. that; which
C. where; that D. when; which
（答案：1. D2. A3. B4. B）
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