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现在完成时是初中英语中难度较大却又十分重要的语法项目,中考英语试题中也常常涉及这一时态。下
面分三步来深入地剖析现在完成时。
第一步:看“标志”,定时态
一般情况下,句子的时态可以根据句中的一些标志性的词或词组来确定,现在完成时也不例外。根据以下词或短语,可以确定句子要用现在完成时。
1. 常出现在句首的“标志”
so far(到目前为止)
如:
So far we have learned more than 2000 words.
到目前为止,我们已经学了两千多个单词了。
2. 常出现在句中的“标志”
①ever(曾经)
常用于疑问句中。如:
Have you ever been there before?
你以前去过那儿吗?
②never(从来没有)
一般用于否定句中。如:
I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
我从来没见过这么漂亮的花。
③already(已经)
用于肯定句中。如:
I have already finished my work.
我已经完成了我的工作。
already有时也出现在句末。如:
He has seen that film twice already.
那部电影他已经看过两遍了。
already还可用在疑问句中,表示感到惊讶或意外。如:
Have you eaten your dinner already?
你已经吃过饭了?(比想象的要早)
④just(刚刚)
如:
She has just left the classroom.
她刚刚离开教室。
3. 常出现在句末的“标志”
①ever since(自从那时起)
如:
They have worked in that hospital ever since.
自从那时起,他们一直在那家医院工作。
②before(以前)
如:
I’ve never seen such an interesting book before.
以前我从未看过如此有趣的书。
③yet(已经;还,尚)
yet用于疑问句中,表示“已经”;用于否定句中,表示“还,尚”。如:
Have you found my wallet yet?
你已经找到我的钱包了吗?
He has not come yet.
他还没来。
④these days(这些天)
如:
They have been surfing these days.
这些天他们一直在冲浪。
4.since + 时间点
如:
I have known him since 20 years ago.
我自从二十年前就认识他。
for + 时间段
如:
We have worked here for 6 years.
我们已经在这里工作六年了。
现在完成时属于现在时态,所以也可以和now, today, this morning, by now, up to now, recently, lately等表示现在的时间状语连用。如:
We have had three lessons this morning.
今天上午我们已经上了三节课了。
第二步:明确时态构成
现在完成时的基本构成是:主语 + have / has + 过去分词。在使用这一时态时,要特别注意以下两点。
(1)主语的人称和数决定助动词have / has的人称和数。
当主语是he, she, it, my brother, Lucy等第三人称单数形式时,助动词用has;当主语是其他形式时,助动词用have。如:
The man with a dog has gone.
带着一条狗的那个人已经走了。
Nobody has been there before.
以前从没有人去过那里。
My brothers have gone to that village.
我的兄弟们已经去那个村子了。
(2)现在完成时变为否定式和疑问式的变化规律。
否定式的一般构成方式为:主语+ have / has + not + 过去分词+ ... .
一般疑问式的构成方式为:Have / Has +主语+过去分词+ ...?
特殊疑问式的构成方式为:疑问词+ have / has +过去分词+ ...?
如:
They have not finished their work yet.
他们还没完成他们的工作呢。
Has his parent told him not to be late for school?
他的家长告诉过他上学不要迟到吗?
Who has borrowed 3 books from the school library?
谁已经从学校图书馆借过三本书了?
第三步:难点解析
现在完成时可以表达三种意思。
(1)已经做完了某事。
如:
He has killed hundreds of dogs.
他已经杀了数百条狗了。
We have finished our homework on time.
我们已经按时完成了家庭作业。
(2)过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。
如:
I have had breakfast.
我已经吃过早饭了。(我现在不饿)
―Where is Tom?
―He has gone to No.1 Middle School.
――汤姆在哪儿?
――他已经去一中了。 (他现在不在这里)
(3)动作开始于过去并一直持续到现在。
表达此含意的句子必须满足以下两个条件。
①谓语动词是延续性动词或系表结构。
②句子中有一个由for, since或ever since引导的时间状语。
如:
We have known each other for two years.
我们俩已经认识两年了。
We have known each other since he moved here.
自从他搬到这儿来,我们俩就认识了。
They have been good friends ever since.
从那时起,他们就是好朋友了。
表达这种意思的时候,现在完成时的用法与现在完成进行时的用法非常接近。如:
He has worked in that hospital since he came here last year.
= He has been working in that hospital since he came here last year.
自从他去年到这儿,他就一直在那家医院工作。(他现在仍在那里工作)
They have sat there for half an hour.
= They have been sitting there for half an hour.
他们已经在那儿坐了半小时了。(他们现在仍坐在那里)
类似用法的动词还有study, teach等。
如果用非延续性动词作现在完成时的谓语,则句中不可以有由for或since引导的时间状语。另外,非延续性动词也不可以用于以how long开头的特殊疑问句中。如:
He has died. ( √)
He has died for 1 year. ( ×)
How long has he been here?( √)
How long has he lived here? ( ×)
若句子中有由for或since引导的时间状语,可以通过转换的方法来正确地进行表达,一般情况下,可以采取以下三种方法。
方法一:换词
用意思相同的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。如:
方法二:换结构
用表示状态的系表结构(be + adj. / adv.)替代非延续性动词。如:
方法三:换句式
用句式“It is +一段时间+ since + 从句”来表示动作的延续状态。如:
It’s about two weeks since I came back from Beijing.
我从北京回来已经有大约两周的时间了。
[过关验收]
1. ―How long have you ____ China?
―For three years.
A. come back B. returned
C. left D. been away from
2. ―Have you mended your shoes, Bob?
―Yes,I ____ them twenty minutes ago.
A. have mended B. mend
C. had mended D. mended
3. Thestudentsaresorrytohearthatthefamous singer ____ for half an hour.
A. has left B. has gone
C. has been away D. has gone away
4. ―What are you going to do this weekend?
―I ____ yet.
A. haven’t decided B. won’t decide
C. have decided D. didn’t decide
5. ―How long ____ you ____ here?
―For about two years so far.
A. have; studied B. did; live
C. do; stay D. were; swimming
6. ―Have you ever been anywhere for a trip?
―A trip? I ____ away from my hometown even once.
A. went B. have gone
C. have never been D. have been
7. ― ____ you ____ the football match yesterday?
―Yes, I did. It was great.
A. Did; seeB. Have; seen
C. Will; see D. Were; seen
8. ―Did you notice him come in?
―No. I ____ a football game.
A. have watched B. had watched
C. am watching D. was watching
9. How time flies, ten years ____ passed.
A. have B. hasC. is D. are
答案:
1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A8. D9. B