定语从句教学之我见
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摘 要： 定语从句，因其在文章中出现频率高，写作中使用频率高而在教学中显得尤为重要。因为其形式多样，变化多端而让学生难以琢磨，头痛伤神。但是，万变不离其宗，只要记住判断定语从句关系词的基本原则，兼记一些定语从句的特殊情形，则一切难题都将迎刃而解，定语从句必将为“我”所用，成就“我”的学业，助“我”更攀高峰。
关键词： 高中英语教学 定语从句 解题方法
定语从句（The Attributive Clause）是高中英语语法教学的首要重点。它在英语文章（包括完形填空，阅读理解）中的出现频率高，在英语书面表达中的使用频率高。历年高考中，语法填空的10个小题中必有一个考查定语从句。两篇英语作文中，通常都应包括6～10个定语从句。基于上述，要让学生娴熟无误地使用定语从句绝对是必要的。然而，定语从句变化多端，常常让学生苦不堪言：如何准确地选择定语从句中的关系词呢？在介词+which/whom的结构中，又如何于林林总总的介词中确定唯一的介词呢？什么时候定语从句前要有逗号，什么时候又不用加逗号呢？为什么同一个先行词后的不同定语从句使用的关系词截然不同呢？什么时候定语从句只能用that引导？什么时候定语从句只能用which引导？什么时候定语从句只能用who引导？又什么时候定语从句只能用as引导？以上种种疑问常常让学生晕头转向，深深苦恼。
但其实，万变不离其宗。只要找准根本的解题之道，则自可拨云见日，去伪存真。
一、确定定语从句关系词的基本原则
（一）弄清定语从句的概念
所谓定语，是用来修饰、限定名词的句子成分。定语通常由形容词、名词、分词、介词短语充当，也有用一个从句作定语的，是谓定语从句。单个的词作定语，放在其所修饰限定的名词前面；短语或句子作定语，放在其所修饰限定的名词后面，因此，按定语所在位置不同，称为前置定语和后置定语。定语从句当然是后置定语，其前的名词被称为先行词。先行词和定语从句由关系词连接起来，关系词有三大功能：一是代替先行词；二是连接起主句和从句；三是在从句中充当某个句子成分（包括作从句的主语、表语、宾语、定语、时间状语、地点状语和原因状语）。定语从句的关系词包括who，that，which，whom，whose，as，when，where，why，还有介词+which/whom。
如：1.The girl who is singing on the stage is my cousin.
2.I like the room whose window faces south.
3.They talked about the people and the things that they remembered in high school.
4. He flew to Chongqing yesterday，where he was born and grew up.
5. This is the pen with which he wrote the cards.
6. I came across Mr Li on the street yesterday，with whom I had worked for 10 years.
7.As you expected， he was late for class again.
8. The naughty boy broke his neighbour’s window，which made his parents annoyed.
（二）要牢记选取定语从句关系词的基本原则
使用代入法，将先行词代入定语从句，分析其在从句中所充当的句子成分，不同的句子成分会使用到不同的关系词，如下表所示。
上面这个表格对于正确解答定语从句非常重要，一定要学生闭卷默写，自行绘制才算过关。在这个基本原则和表格的帮助下，解题应该无大碍。同一个单词因为在从句中充当的句子成分不同，定语从句会使用不同的关系词。
如：第一组：
1. I like the book ？摇？摇？摇？摇 is written by Lin Yutang.
2. I like the book ？摇？摇？摇？摇 cover is blue.
3. I like the book ？摇？摇？摇？摇 the cover is blue.
分析：将先行词代入定语从句，句1的从句应为 the book is written by Lin Yutang，先行词book在从句中作主语，又指物，答案为which/that；
句2将先行词代入定语从句，则the book’s cover is blue，先行词book在从句中作定语，答案为whose；同理，句3的定语从句为the cover of the book is blue，作介词of的宾语，因此用of which.
学生有时会断章取义，看见先行词表时间，定语从句关系词就用when，看见先行词表地点，定语从句关系词就不假思索地用where，这是武断不可取的。所以，要提醒学生牢记定语从句的基本原则和基本解题方法。以两组句子为例：
第二组：
1. They’ll never forget the day ？摇？摇？摇？摇 they got married.
2. They’ll never forget the day ？摇？摇？摇？摇 ？摇？摇？摇？摇 they got married.
3. They’ll never forget the day ？摇？摇？摇？摇 they spent together in Hongkong.
分析：将先行词代入定语从句，句1与句2的从句均为they got married on the day，先行词在定语从句中作时间状语，因此句1答案为when，句2答案为on which；而句3的从句为they spent the day together in Hongkong，先行词在从句中作宾语，又指物，因此答案为which/that。
又如第三组：
1. He went to the school ？摇？摇？摇？摇 he and his parents had visited 20 years before.
2. He went to the school ？摇？摇？摇？摇 he studied 7 years ago.
2. He went to the school ？摇？摇？摇？摇 ？摇？摇？摇？摇 he studied 7 years ago.
4.He went to the school ？摇？摇？摇？摇 reputation has extended to the south of China.
分析：将先行词代入定语从句，句1为he and his parents had visited the school 20 years before，先行词在定语从句中作宾语，且指物，因此句1的答案为which/that；同理，句2，3的从句为he studied in the shool 7 years ago，先行词在从句中作地点状语，因此句2的答案为where，句3的答案为in which：而句4的从句为the school’s reputation has extended to the south of China，先行词在从句中作定语，答案自是whose。
二、特殊的定语从句
定语从句有种种特殊情况，这些特殊情况无章可循，除了强行记忆别无他法。
（一）宜用that不用which引导的定语从句
1.当先行词是不定代词anything，everything，nothing，few，all，none，little，some等代词时，或者是由every，any，all，some，no，little，few，much修饰时。
如：All that can be done has been done.凡能做的事都已经做了。
You can’t believe anything she says.她所说的什么话你都不能相信。
There’s nothing you can do to help.你做什么也无能为力了。
2.当先行词被形容词的最高级形式所修饰时。
如：This is the most expensive watch（that）I’ve ever owned.
这是我有过的最昂贵的一块表。
This is the best article that has ever been written on this subject.
迄今为止在有关这个题目的文章中，这一篇是最好的。
3.当先行词被序数词或the very，the only，the last修饰时。
如：This is the first time（that）I’ve heard her sing.
这是我头一次听她唱歌。
This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book.
他写那本书时就是用这支笔。
This is the last thing one can say about it.决不能这样说。
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
只有一件事最重要，那就是找到回家的路。
4.当先行词前面有who，which等疑问代词时。
如：Who is the man that is standing there？
站在那里的那个男子是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？哪件T恤衫最适合我？
5.当先行词既有人，又有物时。
如：Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned？ 你记得我们学习过的那位科学家和他的理论吗？
6.“there be”句型中。
如：There’s a seat over there that is still free.那边有一个空座位。
7.先行词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时。
如：It’s a book that will help you a lot.这本书将会对你有很大帮助。
The modern aeroplane is not the machine that it was when first invented.现代飞机已不是最先发明时的那种样子了。
（二）宜用who不用that引导的定语从句
当先行词是指人的all，those.he，anyone，everyone，few，people，one（s）时，定语从句的关系词宜有who不用that。
如：Those who want to visit the museum sign here after class.那些想要去参观博物馆的人下课后在这里签名。
He is lifeless who is faultless.只有死人才不犯错。
He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。
God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。
（三）宜用which不用that的定语从句
1.非限制性定语从句中。
如：The Smiths flew to Beijing，which is the capital city of China.
2.关系代词前有介词时。
如：I don’t like the way in which he solved the problem.
3.先行词本身是that时。
如：The clock is that which tells the time.钟表是告诉人们时间的。
4.指代前面整句话时。
如：The students study harder，which makes the teachers pleased.
三、介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
有大量的定语从句是由介词+which/whom引导的，用which还是whom不难判断，只需看先行词是指物还是指人，难的是要从众多的介词中找到那个合适的介词，这要从两个方面着手。
（一）介词+which引导的定语从句
介词+which引导的定语从句中，介词的选取通常是视乎与先行词的搭配使用习惯。如：
1. This is the farm ？摇？摇？摇？摇which he was born.
（答案 on，he was born on the farm）
2. He lent me the pen ？摇？摇？摇？摇 which I wrote the card.
（答案with，I wrote the cards with the pen）
3. He bought the factory ？摇？摇？摇？摇 which my mother worked.
（答案in，my mother worked in the factory）
4. This is the bike ？摇？摇？摇？摇 which I go to school every day.
（答案by，I go to school by bike every day）
（二）介词+whom引导的定语从句
介词+whom引导的定语从句中，介词的选取通常是视乎定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯。如：
1.There was not a single person？摇？摇？摇 ？摇whom she could turn for help.
（答案to，...turn tofor help）
2.He visited the colleagues？摇 ？摇？摇？摇whom he worked for 3 years.
（答案with，...work with sb）
3.They missed meeting their classmate？摇 ？摇？摇？摇whom they bought the birthday cake. （ 答案for，...buy sth for sb）
4.Mr White is the idol ？摇？摇？摇？摇？摇？摇？摇whom the teenagers are learning.
（答案from，...learn from sh）
四、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
什么时候使用限制性定语从句？什么时候使用非限制性定语从句呢？限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句从书写形式上来看仅仅是有没有逗号的区别，但从意义上来讲，前者是主句不可或缺的一部分，若缺失，主句意思就会含混不清，表达不明，如Her mother is a woman who loves money more than everything；而后者缺失了，主句意思依然完整通顺，如Yesterday，I visited Ms Young，who was my tutor in my college.
除了从意义上能否缺少来判定限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句之外，下列几种明显的情形通常也使用非限制性定语从句，如：
（一）先行词为专有名词
如：Mr Green，who is the player’s coach，watched the match attentively.
（二）关系词指代整个主句
如：As is known to all，the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
He often takes a nap in class，which makes his teacher worried.
（三）先行词前有指示代词或物主代词
如：His house，which cost him a lot of money，is near the national park.
（四）表达先行词“其中几分之几”
如：There are 3200 workers in the factory，of whom80%are women.
The old man has three daughters，none of whom is a doctor.
综上所述，定语从句规则的情形和不规则的情形的确很多，学生在学习和使用的过程中有时会感到为难与吃力，但是只要遵循其基本规则，广闻博记，勤思多练，就一定可以拨开层层迷雾，见到真理的灿烂阳光。掌握了定语从句，能够得心应手地使用，势必会提高学生的英语理解和作文能力。
参考文献：
[1]张道真编著.实用英语语法.外语教学与研究出版社.