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问:请问I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day and I heard a strange sound. 一句中when引导的是时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”吗?

答:句中when引导的不是时间状语从句,when在这里是并列连词,引导并列句,表示“这时(突然)”。此句意为:我刚要再睡,突然我的卧室亮如白昼。

when作并列连词时,通常有以下三种结构:

(1) be about to do sth. when... 正要做某事,这时突然……

例如:Colins was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.科林斯正要从骆驼上下来,这时一个小孩向他跑来。

(2) was/were doing sth. when... 正在做某事,这时突然……

例如:I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我正在街道上徘徊,这时忽然看到一家裁缝店。

(3) had done sth. when... 刚刚做了某事,这时突然……

例如:We hadn’t been out for long when she felt sick in the stomach.我们出去没多久,这时她突然感到肚子痛。

when用作从属连词时,可以引导:

(1) 时间状语从句,表示“当……时候”

例如:We used to have a lot of fun when we were that age. 我们那个年纪时曾有过很多开心事。

(2) 时间状语从句,表示“一……就”,通常用在hardly... when... 的结构中

例如:We had hardly started when it began to rain. 我们刚出发,天就开始下雨了。

(3) 原因状语从句,表示“既然,考虑到”

例如:How can he succeed when he won’t work? 既然他不肯工作,那他怎么会成功呢?

【扩展】when还可以用作关系副词,引导定语从句,表示“当时,届时”;用作连接副词,引导名词性从句,表示“什么时候,何时”。

例如:His visit was in July, 1937, when the Anti-Japanese War broke out. 他上次来访是1937年7月,当时抗日战争爆发了。

What I want to know is when she’ll be back. 我想知道的是她什么时候回来。

问:请问The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them. 句中this being my first experience是什么结构?

答:句中this being my first experience是个独立主格结构,在句中作原因状语。相当于because this was my first experience. 此句意为:另外两个人爬下火山口去收集供日后研究用的岩浆,我是第一次经历这样的事,所以留在山顶上观察他们。

分词或分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语;如果分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,必须加上其逻辑主语。这种结构称为独立主格结构。其形式通常有以下三种:

1. 名词/代词(主格)+分词

例如:Weather permitting, we’ll go sightseeing tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,我们明天将去观光。

The teacher having left, the students went on with their discussion. 老师离开后,学生们继续讨论。

All things taken into consideration, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. 考虑到所有的情况,她的建议比你的更有价值。

2. It being+表示时间、天气、距离的名词

例如:It being Sunday, they had no classes in school. 由于今天是礼拜天,他们学校没课。

It being not far from here to my school, I walk there every day. 从这里到我们学校不远,我每天走过去。

3. There being +名词

例如:There being no spare parts, the equipment could not be repaired at once. 由于没有备用零件,设备不能立刻修理。

此外,with的复合结构也属于独立主格结构。

例如:With many experienced teachers attending her lecture, she felt nervous and made some mistakes. 许多有经验的老师在听她的课,她感到紧张,出了些错误。

With the air removed, the vessel is lighter than before. 空气抽尽以后,容器比以前轻了。

【扩展】独立主格结构还有以下形式:名词/代词(主格)+形容词/副词/名词/介词短语。

例如:Hands red with the cold, they were making a snowman. 他们正在堆雪人,手都冻红了。

The meeting over, all the people went home. 会议一结束,所有的人都回家了。

Wu Song fought the tiger, a stick his only weapon. 武松与老虎搏斗,一根棍子是他惟一的武器。

The girl entered the classroom, book in hand. 那个女孩手里拿着书走进教室。