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普契尼:150年的感动

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150 Years of Puccini

普契尼(1858-1924)被认为是威尔第之后最伟大的意大利歌剧作曲家。但让人意外的是,当时很多音乐评论家对其作品的评价不高。例如在1896年《波希米亚人》首映后,一位意大利评论家写道:“《波希米亚人》在我们的抒情戏剧史上不会留下多少痕迹。”即使在今天,仍然有很多评论家认为普契尼的作品过于伤感,过于甜蜜;他的曲调太明显,最后几幕软弱无力。

然而大众并不这样认为。要证明这点,只需把过去一百多年来全世界的票房收入列出即可。普契尼擅长戏剧、欢快的歌曲和优美的通俗剧;他也擅长热情明晰的旋律、和声与配乐法。无可否认,他创作了音乐史上最受欢迎的几部歌剧(中国的歌剧迷肯定对《图兰朵》当年在北京太庙上演的盛大场景记忆犹新)。在普契尼出生150年后,他的音乐仍然跨越国界,感动着台下的每一位观众。

By the time Italian composer Giacomo Puccini wasborn in 1858, there had already been four generations ofPuccini musicians in his hometown of Lucca, Italy.

Most of the Puccinis were church musicians, butGiacomo had other ideas. As a teenager, he fell in love withopera. That was the kind of music he wanted to write.

(Excerpt[选段] from “Gianni Schicchi.”)Giacomo’s mother decided that her son should studyat the conservatory[音乐学校] in Milan, but, as a widow[寡妇]with seven children, she didn’t have money to send himthere. So she got the Queen of Italy to give him a scholarship.Some of Puccini’s student compositions woundup[以……告终] getting recycled in his operas.

Just as Puccini was graduating, he heard abouta competition to compose a new one-act opera. Hewanted to enter, but he had a hard time getting downto work. Thanks to his mother, who kept prodding[督促]and encouraging him, he finally turned his opera intothe competition on the last possible day.

But Puccini didn’t win. A few weeks later, he wasat a party with some of the competition judges, whodidn’t remember his opera at all. So they asked himto play through it on the piano. They liked it so muchthat they decided to produce it. Le Villi, Puccini’s firstopera, turned out to be a big success. But the opera thatmade him famous was his third one, Manon Lescaut.

(Excerpt from “Manon Lescaut.”)

Manon Lescaut wasa huge hit. Puccini traveledall over the worldto hear performances, andearned enough money tobuy his first house. It wasin Torre del Lago, a lakesidetown near the Alps,where Puccini loved tocomposeand where heloved to be distracted[分心的]from composing.

When he wasn’t spendingtime hunting or boating orplaying cards with friends,Puccini worked on his nextopera, La Bohème, based on aplay about poor artists and studentsin Paris.

(Excerpt from “La Bohème.”)

Most of the critics[评论家], who heard La Bohème,didn’t like it at first. But audiences have alwaysloved it, and it’s still Puccini’s most popular opera.

After that he composed Tosca, which is alsobased on a French play.

(Excerpt from “Tosca.”)

Puccini had such exact ideas of what hewanted that he drove the people who wrote hislibrettos[(歌剧等的)歌词或剧本] crazy, making them revise[修改] their work over and over. (Libretto is what youcall the words of an opera. It means “little book”in Italian.)

And then, there were the times that Puccini had to revise what he had written.

(Excerpt from “Madame Butterfly.”)

The first performance of Madame Butterflywas a total failure, but Puccini kept revising theopera until he got it right. Even though MadameButterfly sings in Italian, the opera takes place inJapan.

Puccini’s next opera, The Girl of the GoldenWest, takes place during the American gold rush,with a saloon[(美国西部城镇典型的)酒馆] keeper, a bandit[强盗],a sheriff[县治安官] and even a horse. (The horse doesn’tsing.)

For his last opera, Turandot, Puccini went backto the Far East, and a story about a Chinese princessand the prince who loves her.

(Excerpt from “Turandot.”)

Puccini died before he could finish Turandot, andpeople still argue about how he meant it to end,and about how the name of the opera should end whether it’s pronounced “TuranDOT” or “TuranDOH.”

When Puccini died, he owned houses all over Italy.But he was buried in the one in Torre del Lago, thathe bought right after his first big success.

在1858年意大利作曲家贾科莫・普契尼出生之前,这个居住于意大利卢卡的家族已经出过四代音乐家。

大多数普契尼家族的音乐家都是教会乐师,而贾科莫却另有想法。年少的他爱上了歌剧。歌剧才是他想写的音乐。

(《詹尼・斯基奇》选段。)

贾科莫的母亲决定让儿子去米兰的音乐学校学习,但作为一个带着七个孩子的寡妇,她没有足够的钱送他到那里学习。因此她为儿子争取到了意大利女王授予的奖学金。普契尼学生时代的一些作曲后来被用到其歌剧作品中。

临近毕业,普契尼听说有一个独幕歌剧创作比赛。他很想参加,但在真正着手创作的过程中遇到了重重困难。后来,多亏了母亲的鞭策和鼓励,普契尼终于赶在最后一天向大会提交自己的作品。

但是普契尼没有胜出。数周后他和几个比赛评委一同参加一个派对,评委们竟对他的歌剧没有任何印象。于是他们让普契尼用钢琴弹奏自己的作品。他们非常喜欢这部作品,并决定予以制作。普契尼的第一部歌剧――《群妖围舞》取得了巨大成功。但令普契尼扬名的是他的第三部歌剧――《曼侬・莱斯科》。

(《曼侬・莱斯科》选段。)

《曼侬・ 莱斯科》轰动一时。普契尼到世界各地观看这部歌剧的演出,还赚到了足够的钱买了第一所房子。房子位于阿尔卑斯山旁的一个湖边小镇托雷-德拉古(音译)。普契尼喜欢在这里作曲,也喜欢在这里度过让他无心作曲的娱乐时光。

除了打猎、划船、和朋友们打牌之外,普契尼致力于下一部歌剧《波希米亚人》的创作。该歌剧以一部讲述巴黎贫穷艺术家和学生生活的戏剧为基础。

(《波希米亚人》选段。)

大多数听过《波希米亚人》的评论家一开始并不喜欢这部作品,观众却一直对它情有独钟,它也是普契尼最受欢迎的歌剧。

其后,普契尼又写了《托斯卡》,同样是根据一部法国戏剧创作而成的。

(《托斯卡》选段。)

普契尼很清楚自己想要什么,以致于要求为其歌剧写歌词的人一遍又一遍地修改,把他们逼得发狂。(Libretto即歌剧的歌词,在意大利语中意为“小书”。)

后来,普契尼也不得不修改自己写的东西。

(《蝴蝶夫人》选段。)

《蝴蝶夫人》的首映彻底失败,但普契尼锲而不舍地对其进行修改,一直改到妥当为止。虽然《蝴蝶夫人》以意大利语演唱,故事却发生在日本。

普契尼的下一部歌剧――《西部女郎》的故事则发生在美国淘金热时期。剧中人物有一个酒馆店主、一个强盗、一名警官,还有一匹马(马的角色没有唱段)。

在其最后一部歌剧《图兰朵》中,普契尼再次把舞台搬到了远东。这部作品讲述了一位中国公主与爱慕她的王子之间的故事。

(《图兰朵》选段。)

《图兰朵》尚未完成,普契尼就去世了。人们至今仍在争论普契尼原定的结局是怎样的,这部歌剧的名字应该如何结尾――这个名字的发音应该是“TuranDOT”还是

“TuranDOH”。

普契尼去世时在意大利各地都有房产。但他最终被安葬在托雷-德拉古他首次成功后买下的那座房子。

在意大利正期待其下一位歌剧巨匠的时刻,普契尼出现了,而他也证明了自己就是这个人。

你知道吗?

普契尼1858年12月22日出生于意大利卢卡,1924年11月29日在比利时布鲁塞尔去世。

普契尼的全名是(准备好了吗?):Giacomo Antonio DomenicoMichele Secondo Maria Puccini。

由于祖上都是教会乐师,普契尼在14岁那年成为了一名教会管风琴手,但很快就发现自己更喜欢歌剧。

普契尼的叔叔福尔图纳多・马吉(Fortunato Magi)是他的第一位音乐教师。1880至1883年间,普契尼在米兰音乐学院学习。他深受威尔第(尤其是其作品《阿依达》)的影响。

人们一般认为普契尼是一位歌剧作曲家,其实他也创作了一批合唱音乐、管弦乐及室内乐。

普契尼的歌剧作品

Le Villi《群妖围舞》(1884)

Edgar《埃德加》(1889)

Manon Lescaut《曼侬・莱斯科》 (1893)

La Bohème《波希米亚人》(又译《艺术家的生涯》)(1896)

Tosca《托斯卡》(1900)

Madame Butterfly《蝴蝶夫人》 (1904)

La fanciulla del West《西部女郎》(1910)

La rondine《燕子》(1917)

Il trittico [Il tabarro, Suor Angelica, Gianni Schicchi]

《三部曲》:《外套》、《安杰利卡修女》、《詹尼・斯基奇》(1918)

Turandot《图兰朵》(1926) 未完成,后由佛朗哥・阿尔法诺(Franco Alfano)完成。