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略论高职高专学生英语阅读技能的培养

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[摘要] 多年来,英语阅读教学是大学英语教学的重点和难点。作者按照我国教育部高等教育司的《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》,阐述如何通过开展合理的英语阅读课堂教学,培养学生良好的阅读习惯,从而达到提高学生英语阅读技能的目的。

[关键词]英语 阅读技能 培养

Abstract: For many years, English reading teaching has been the key and difficult points of college English teaching. Here, the writer expounds how to cultivate the students’ good reading habits to improve their English reading skills by conducting the reasonable English reading-class teaching, according to The Fundamental Requirements of the English Course Teaching in Vocational College Education.

Key words: English reading skillcultivation

一、 引言

过去一段时间,大学英语教学重语言交际能力的培养,轻阅读能力的培养。在实际的课文教学中沿用传统的语言教学法,重视词汇和语法教学,过多地分析讲解句子,而忽略对语篇或段落的综合理解的阅读技能的培养。因而在平时测试或考试中显示出许多学生阅读理解能力较弱,阅读速度较慢,不容易抓住要点。这说明了我们教师对培养学生的阅读能力重视不够。英语专家柯鲁克认为,中国的英语教学应采用大量阅读为主要的教学手段。在国内、外各类的语言测试中,阅读理解占较大的比例。全国大学生英语应用能力考试中,阅读题比分占35%,由此可见,阅读理解的重要性。因此,英语教学中阅读是一项必须重点培养的技能,这是英语教学的主要目标之一。

近几年来,高校英语阅读教学越来越受到了重视,我国教育部高等教育司于2000年10月10日在《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》(试行)的通知中明确提出:我国高职高专英语课程以培养学生实际运用语言的能力为目的。在语言教学过程中,我们通常培养学生的听、说、读、写、译五种技能。其中阅读是学生获取语言知识,掌握语言技能最直接、最有效的方法。学生在英语阅读技能方面要达到的基本要求是:1、理解文章的主旨或要点;2、理解文章中的具体信息;3、根据上下文推断生生词意义;4、根据上下文作出简单的判断和推理;5、理解文章的写作意图、作者的见解和态度;6、就文章内容作出结论。

此后,许多高职高专英语教师都在努力贯彻执行以上基本要求;在英语阅读教学方面取得了很大的进展,学生的成绩也有了明显的提高。笔者以段落教学为例,谈谈阅读技能的培养。

二、阅读技能的培养

下面以2007年江苏省高等学校精品教材《灵通高职高专英语读写译教程》(1)中Unit 4 Text A 为例:

From“Association”to “Soccer”

Although it is hard to decide where exactly soccer playing started, some type of soccer playing has been around for 3,000 years. Soccer was played during the Han Dynasty during the 2nd and 3rd century B.C. by military troops. Even earlier evidence has been discovered in Kyoto, Japan. An ancient field was found that had two small nets .Greeks and Romans also played a game that is similar to today’s game of soccer , each team had 27 players!

Soccer, or football, as they call it in England and Scotland, was found as we know it today by the British .In the 8th century, the game was very popular. In 1331, the King of England did not share in people’s excitement about soccer because soccer was a war game. People could hit, punch or bite other players during a game. Games would usually last all day ,with many of the townspeople taking part in them. King James of Scotland made a law in 1424 that said, “No man shall play football!” But he could not stop the popularity of the game.

In 1863 ,a group of people met together to write official rules for the game of soccer. This started the Football Association as we know it today. The word “soccer” was first used by an Oxford University student when he was asked if he liked to play rugby. He took the word “association” and shortened it to “soc” and added an “er”. During this time, football players had their own sort of slang. They would shorten words and add“er”to them, hence the beginning of the word“soccer”as we use it today. Soccer is played today all over the world. More people watch soccer than any other sport, including the Olympics.

1. 根据上下文推断生词的意义

我们要引导学生推断生词的意义。 词汇量不足是学生阅读的障碍,有如建房子的砖块。 因此,要提高学生的英语阅读理解能力,教师要有意识地教授学生一些关于构词法的知识,如词根、词缀的意义、复合词的构成以及一词多义,一词多译等方面来扩大学生英语词汇量,多对学生进行猜词技能的训练,使他们学会根据上下文和词根、词缀等猜测词义的种种方法,为阅读理解扫除障碍。

在上面第一段中,例如:

① associate (v. 协同,联合)association(n. 协同/联合机构;协会,联合会)

(as)soc(iation) soc + er, 其中c双写cc, 足球

From association to soccer 从协会到足球

② similar (相同的)可从same推断出其意思,另外也可从上文 “An ancient field had two small nets.”(一个古代的运动场地每边各有一张网)中推断出。

在上面第二段中,例如:

③ townspeople(镇民,市民)= towns + people

④ or(即;或者说:soccer, or football(英式足球,即足球)

其中or用来引导同义词语。又如:twelve, or a dozen(12个,即一打)。

在上面第三段中,例如:

⑤ Football Association(足球协会,足协)类似的又如:

Basket Association篮球协会Music Association音乐协会

Language Association语言协会 Literature Association文学协会

⑥ shorten(v. 缩短)是从short(adj.短的)+en变化而来,类似的又如:

Long(长的) lengthen(加长)dark(黑的) darken(加黑)

Light(光的) lighten(加亮) broad(宽的) broaden(加宽)

2. 根据上下出判断和推理

我们要引导学生做出简单和推理。引导学生判断和推理词语的表意以及句型的含义,以便学生理解;用压缩的方法理解简单长句,根据关联词语理解复合句,引导学生通过抓住句子的主干,理顺各句子之间的结构和逻辑关系,正确理解疑难句子。掌握理解长句、难句的技能,最终抓住句子的核心意思。

在上面第一段中,例如:

② BC( =Before Christ 公元前)可从 “during the Han Dynasty during the 2nd and 3rd century ”判断和推理出它的意思。

在上面第二段中,例如:

②“did not share in people’s excitement about soccer”从上下文中可判断

和推理出是 “did not have the same excitement about soccer as other people”(并没有像人民那样热衷于足球)或 “did not have people’s strong feeling for soccer”(并没有人民对足球那种热情)的意思。

③ 在 “Games would last all day, with many of the townspeople taking part

in them.”(比赛通常持续一整天,许多市民都参与其中。)中的 “with+名词+ 现在分词短语”结构表示一种伴随状况。可引导学生推断此种用法:

She felt a bit nervous, with so many people watching her.

她感到有一点紧张,有那么多人看着她。

④ “…the popularity of the game.”可判断为 “the widespread of the football game”(足球运动的普及)或 “the people’s love of the football game”(人民对足球运动的热爱)。

在上面第三段中,例如:

⑤ “…he was asked if he liked to play rugby.”中的 “ask if …”(问…是否…)句型,可引导学生理解和推断其意义,试比较:

主动语态:They asked him if he liked to play rugby.

他们问她是否喜欢玩橄榄球。

被动与态:He was asked (by them) if he liked to play rugby.

他被(他们)问及是否喜欢玩橄榄球。

3. 理解文章中的具体信息(information)

我们要引导学生理解文章中的具体信息。主要是引导学生获取主要具体信息为目的。培养学生“抓关键、跳障碍”的技巧,并逐渐形成快速阅读的能力。这就要求学生在阅读时不要过分追求完全理解,要善于抓住关键性的内容和主要的意思,跳过不理解或不完全理解的非关键性的词语获取某些特定信息。

在上面第一段中,例如:

① Soccer has been around for 3,000 years.

② Soccer was played in ancient China during the 2nd and 3rd century BC in

the Han Dynasty.

③ The earliest evidence of soccer was found in Kyoto, Japan..

④ Greeks and Romans played the game, each team had 27 players.

在上面第二段中,具体信息有:

① The British found the modern soccer.

② Soccer is called football in England and Scotland.

③ In 1331, the King of England did not enjoy soccer game because it was a

war game.

④ In 1424, King James of Scotland made a law “No man shall play football!”

在上面第三段中,具体信息有:

① The Football Association was started in 1863.

② An Oxford University student first used the word “soccer”.

③ The Oxford student shortened the word “association” to “soc” and added an “er”.

④ The soccer game attracts the largest audience.

4. 理解文章的主旨(main idea)

我们要引导学生理解文章的主旨。一般来说,中心论点常常由主题段或主题句来表达,往往文章的第一段是主题段,而每一段的第一句是主题句,有时也会出现在句末或中间,有时会同时出现在句首和句尾,而有时则根本没有明显的主题句,需要学生从文章叙述的细节去体会文章所表达的主题,也就是段落的中心思想暗含在各句中间。通过抓住段落中的主题句和关键词理解段落主旨,通过主题段以及段与段之间的逻辑关系理解全文主旨。如

第一段的主旨是:

The origin of soccer game.。

第二段的主旨是:

The history of British football.

第三段的主旨是:

How the word “soccer” came into being.

5. 理解作者的见解和态度

我们要引导学生理解作者的见解和态度(attitude):在抓住主题句的同时,要注意抓住一些关键词语,因为他们也暗示了文章的主题,尤其是一些带感彩的词,抓住这些特定信息,来理解人物的态度和作者的意图。

Soccer is played today all over the world. More people watch soccer than any

other sport, including the Olympics.

其次,我们还找出文章中有关人对足球运动的不同态度:

① People: It was exciting.

② The King of England: It was a war game.

③ King James of Scotland: No man shall play football.

再次,我们还要找出几年千前踢足球的证据(evidences):

① During Han Dynasty:

Soccer was played by military troops.

② In Kyoto, Japan:

An ancient field was found with two small nets.

③ In Greece and Rome:

Each team had 27 players.

6. 就文章的内容写出内容大意或结论

最后, 我们要引导学生写出或说出文章的内容大意(general ideas)。阅读时要把握文章的主要脉络以及段与段之间的逻辑关系,因为这是理解整篇文章内容大意的关键,又是阅读理解测试的重点。通过分析文章的标题,寻找文章中的主题段、主题句,把握文章的中心思想。例如:

Soccer has been around for 3,000 years. Modern soccer was founded by the British. In the 8th century, the soccer game was very popular in England and Scotland. Later, the King of England did not enjoy the soccer game, and King James of Scotland made a law to stop people from playing soccer, but he failed.

The Football Association was started in 1863. There was one Oxford University student who first took the word “association” and shortened it to “soc” and added an “er”, hence the word “soccer” as we use it today. Soccer is played all over the world, and the soccer sports game has attracted the largest audience, including the Olympics.

还要引导学生就此文章内容作出结论。例如:

Soccer has been around for 3,000 years. In the 8th century, the soccer game was very popular in England and Scotland. Later, the King of England and Scotland tried to stop the popularity of the game, but they failed. Since the Football Association was started in 1863, the soccer has been played today all over the world.

另外,缺乏背景知识也是影响阅读的重要因素,因此,在阅读教学过程中,教师应注意文化背景知识的教授。而得当的阅读技巧能提高阅读效果,因此有必要指导学生自觉运用各种阅读技巧,比如预测:通过分析标题、借助相关的背景知识和社会生活经验预测文章的梗概;略读:通过限时阅读并就文章回答问题来理解文章内容;查读:利用阅读材料的信息结构迅速查找某一具体事实特定信息的技能。为了提高学生阅读过程中的兴趣,增加阅读学习结果的实用性,达到阅读教学的目标,教师在课堂教学中应充分利用现代的教学手段。及时检查与测试阅读教学的效果,并正确利用测试的正面反拨效应,以考促教。从而达到有效的英语阅读教学。

三、通过培养阅读技能来提高学生的语言水平

上面所述的六个《基本要求》中,第一项根据上下文推断生词的意义,主要是引导学生学会构词法,如词的派生(词根+后缀或前缀+词根+后缀),合成词(一个词+另一个词),以扩大词汇量。第二项根据上下文作出判断和推理,主要是引导学生判断和推理词语的表意以及句型的含义。其中句型的含义必须向学生提示或简述有关语法知识,如表示伴随状况的“with 短语”结构,以便学生理解。第三项理解文章中的具体信息,主要是引导学生获取主要具体信息为目的。第四项理解文章的主旨,主要是引导学生掌握要点后根据信息来表达文章的内容。第五项理解作者的见解和态度,主要引导学生对文章表达时也加上自己的见解、看法和态度。第六项就文章的内容写出结论,主要是引导学生就文章的内容用自己的话语写出结论,也就是“读文报告”。这六个方面是相互联系、相辅相成、渐进的一种关系:从理解认识到获取信息,再到复述内容和表达结论的一种过程。其最终目的是提高阅读能力。第二语言学习需要通过大量的阅读来复习巩固学过的词汇、语法以及阅读技能,这也是高职高专英语精品教材中附有主课文(Reading A)和副课文(Reading B)的原因。学生在大量的阅读中接触并学到一些新的词汇、语法以及有关的文化知识,可以用于听、说、写、译,从而提高听、说、写、译的能力,从而最终提高了

学生的语言水平。

四、结束语

英语阅读能力是衡量一个人语言能力高低的一种非常重要的指标。在经济、文化交流全球化的今天,英语阅读已成为获取信息的重要途径,而英语阅读能力的强弱直接影响到人们运用英语进行有效交流、获取语言信息的能力。高职英语教学的目的是语言的实际运用。因此,重视英语阅读教学和提高学生英语应用能力势必成为整个高职高专英语教学的重点。

参考书目:

[1] 教育部高等教育司, 高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求[M] 北京 高等教育出版社,2001

[2] 刘润清, 吴一安等, 中国英语教育研究[M] 外语教学与研究出版社 北京2000

[3] 刘润清, 韩宝成, 语言测试和它的方法[M] 外语教学与研究出版社 北京2003

[4] 文秋芳, 英语学习者动机、观念、策略的变化规律与特点[J] 外语教学与研究,2001(1).

[5] 陈 陈贤纯等, 对外汉语阅读与写作教学研究[M] 商务印书馆 北京 2006

⑹ 刘亦春, 学习成功者与不成功者使用阅读理解相关研究[J] 国外外语教学2002