烟花背后的科学原理

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Fireworks were developed by the ancient Chinese and are the oldest and most basic form of rocket.

Many of our modern day 1)weaponry can trace its

history back to the firework, thanks to the firework’s major

2)component, gunpowder. These early fireworks were

developed into rockets and were used in warfare.

The Mongols and Arabs brought gunpowder to the West, and the idea of the cannon and handgun were 3)conceived by utilising the explosive 4)properties of gunpowder. The early firework was even the forerunner for the modern space rocket. It was the American scientist Robert Hutchings who 5)swapped the solid fuel in fireworks for a liquid fuel system which pioneered modern space rocket technology, ultimately leading to man landing on the moon in 1969.

There is a large array of fireworks available today. However, the basic principle is pretty much the same.

Traditionally, fireworks used gunpowder, comprising of 75% 6)potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal and 10% sulphur, to

provide the explosive powder to give the firework the 7)thrust to go into the air. Today however, fireworks may use a variety of other chemicals.

The firework basically has two phases. The first phase comprises of tightly packed explosive material

being contained in a 8)shell. When a 9)fuse is lit, it burns rapidly into the core of the rocket. The gunpowder in phase one burns, giving off hot 10)exhaust gases which fire backwards and send the firework shooting through the air. This is an example of Newton’s third law of

motion: Whenever a first body 11)exerts a force F on a second body, the second body exerts a force -F on the first body. F and -F are equal in 12)magnitude and

opposite in direction.

As the fuse continues to burn through the rocket, the material in phase two of the rocket, which is more loosely packaged, will ignite. It is this material that will give off the bright colours, or secondary explosions, seconds later.

The various colours that can be seen are due to the

different metal compounds that are packed into the firework. 13)Sodium compounds will give a yellow and orange colour, whereas 14)copper and 15)barium salts give off green or blue, and 16)strontium will make a red colour.

Fireworks can be used for a variety of situations, such as birthdays, New Year celebrations and even weddings. Although fireworks can be inspiring and fun, please

remember that they can be very dangerous and need to be handled with care. Remember to always follow the instructions that accompany the fireworks or, better still, go to a display at an organised event.

烟花由古代中国人发明,是火箭最古老且最基本的形式。

我们现今许多武器的历史都可以追溯到烟花上来,这要归功于烟花的主要成分――火药。这些早期的烟花后来发展成火箭,并被运用到战争中。

蒙古人和阿拉伯人将火药传到西方。利用火药爆炸的特性,人们构思出大炮和手枪。早期的烟花甚至是现代太空火箭的先驱。美国科学家罗伯特・哈钦斯把烟花里的固体燃料替换成液体燃料系统,从而开创了现代太空火箭技术,最终成就了1969年人类登月的创举。

如今,烟花的种类琳琅满目,但是基本原理相差无几。传统烟花使用的火药成分包括75%的硝酸钾、15%的炭以及10%的硫磺,以提供使烟花一飞冲天的爆炸力。现在的火药则可能使用许多其他化学物质。

烟花(的形成)基本可以分为两个阶段。在第一阶段,爆炸性物质被紧密地装在炸药筒里,导火线被点燃时,便迅速燃烧到烟花的核心部分。火药燃烧,向后释放出炽热的排气,推动烟花冲天而上。这是牛顿第三运动定律的一个实例:当物体甲向物体乙施加力F,物体乙便会向物体甲施加反作用力-F,作用力F和反作用力-F大小相等,方向相反。

随着燃料继续在烟花内部燃烧,在火箭装置的第二阶段里,包装较为松散的物质会被点燃,正是这种物质使烟花在几秒钟之后释放出绚烂的色彩,或者进入第二阶段的爆炸。

人们看见的各种颜色是因为烟花里装有多种不同的金属化合物。钠化物呈现出橙黄色,铜盐和钡盐呈现出绿色或蓝色,锶化物则呈现出红色。

烟花可用于多种场合,比如生日、新年庆祝,甚至是婚礼。虽然烟花既有趣又振奋人心,但请记住,它们也有一定危险性,需要小心处理。永远要记住遵守烟花的操作说明,更好的办法当然是去观看经专门组织的烟花汇演了。