爱丽丝·门罗:从家庭主妇到世界文豪
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On 10th October， Swedish Academy announced that the famous Canadian female writer Alice Munro was awarded the 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature and called her “Master of contemporary short stories”. Alice Munro， now 82 years old， defeated two leading candidates： Haruki Murakami， a Japanese writer， and Adonis， a Syrian poet， to become the 13th female writer and also the first Canadian writer to get the honor in Nobel history.
2013年10月10日，瑞典学院在当地时间下午1点宣布加拿大著名女作家爱丽丝・门罗摘得2013年诺贝尔文学奖，颁奖词为“当代短篇小说大师”。现年82岁的爱丽丝・门罗击败早前的大热门――日本作家村上春树和叙利亚诗人阿多尼斯，成为诺奖历史上第13位女性作家，同时也是第1位获此殊荣的加拿大作家。
Writing genes of family inheritance
写作基因系家族遗传
Alice Munro， whose original name was Alice Laidlaw， was born on 10th July 1931 in Wingham， Ontario， Canada， where many of her stories took place. New York Times said that “Munro’s life experience in Wingham” is a distinctive regional characteristic in her novels. Munro’s forefathers migrated from Scotland to Canada in 19th century. In every generation， there is always someone who is good at writing and home letter is their best works. Munro’s father Robert Laidlaw is a local farmer， mainly raising foxes and minks while her mother is a school teacher. Robert， as the descendant of James Hogg， the author of The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner， is keen on reading. After a day’s labor he would always spare time to read and even published a novel about pioneers. Munro thinks highly of her father’s novel. Munro is very humble. After receiving awards in literature， she attributed her success in writing to that “she has no other talents” and said that her remarkable writing ability is of family inheritance.
Munro’s hometown is relatively blocked， so people’s ideas are conservative. Very few of them go to college and the ones who become writers are extremely rare. Most girls become housewives after marriage. Thus， teenager Munro， though inherited the family’s writing genes， kept this hobby to herself. By virtue of the talent of literature writing， Munro began to publish articles in magazines in succession. Munro recalled that her initial literature writing was that she adapted Andersen’s The Little Mermaid into a story with her beloved happy ending. Her early writing was mostly finished on the long way from her home to school， where she created her writing in her mind.
爱丽丝・门罗，原名爱丽丝・莱德劳，1931年7月10日出生在加拿大安大略省的温格姆小镇，门罗小说中的诸多故事都是从这个地方开始。《纽约时报》称，“小镇的生活经验”是门罗小说中一大鲜明的地域特色。门罗的祖上在19世纪从苏格兰移民到加拿大，每一代都有人擅长写作，家书则是他们最好的作品。门罗的父亲罗伯特・莱德劳是当地农民，主要饲养狐狸和貂；母亲则是一所学校的老师。作为著有《私人回忆录和正当罪人的自白》的詹姆斯・霍格的后裔，罗伯特在一周的劳作之外酷爱读书，甚至出版过一本关于拓荒者的长篇小说，门罗对此赞赏有加。在文学方面获奖后，门罗也常谦逊地表示自己在写作方面的成功可能是因为“在其他方面没有天赋”，而她超群的写作能力则是来源于家族遗传。
由于她生活的小地方比较闭塞，观念陈旧保守，上大学的人非常稀有，当作家的更是太仓一粟，大多数女孩子都做了家庭主妇。因此，青少年时期的门罗虽延续了家族的写作基因，但却不敢让别人知道自己这一爱好。凭借着对文学创作的天赋异禀，门罗从十几岁起就开始陆陆续续在杂志上发表文章。据门罗回忆，她最初的文学创作是将安徒生童话《海的女儿》改编成自己心仪的幸福圆满的结局。而她早期创作的地点则是从家到学校的长路上。在这条路上，她在自己心里“写”出了一个又一个的小故事。
“Who do you think you are？” This is the sentence Munro most scared to hear in her adolescence. Worldly eyes cannot understand the dream in Munro’s heart and Munro herself is also reluctant to be spotted of her dream by others. This sentence is also the title of Munro’s fourth book depicting a success story of a girl’s perseverance in excellence. Probably， the heroine in this book is the reflection of Munro herself. Munro got her second Governor-General's Literary Award for this book. It can be said that Munro is lucky. She got a scholarship in the University of Western Ontario， majoring in journalism. However， she had to do some part-time work to make up for the living expenses because of the poverty of her family. Unfortunately， the scholarship is only valid for two years. Munro was forced to drop out of school at the end of the sophomore year.
“你以为你是谁？”这是少年时期的门罗最怕别人对自己说的一句话，世俗的眼光无法理解门罗心中的梦想，她也不愿意被发现。这句话也是门罗第四本书的题目，描写了一个少女不甘平凡、坚持不懈的奋斗故事。书中女主角罗斯或许就是门罗心中的自己。这本书让她揽获第二座加拿大总督文学奖。可以说，门罗是幸运的。1950年她拿到西安大略大学的奖学金，进校主修新闻专业。但是由于家境贫苦，她不得不四处打工，为自己赚生活费。而奖学金的有效期只有两年，所以门罗在大二结束时不得不辍学。
Source of inspiration：
personal life
个人生活是灵感来源
After dropping out of school， Munro married to her first husband James Munro and became a housewife. After that， her focus shifted to family. In the years after marriage， Munro gave birth to three daughters. Sadly， her second daughter died within 15 hours after birth. In 1936， the family moved to Victoria， Vancouver and opened a bookstore “The Munro”. This bookstore is still very popular with readers now. Munro once said in an interview that the ten years of running the bookstore was the happiest time in her first marriage life for she could help her husband run the business and at the same time she could learn from books and work on writing skills. Her famous work Dance of the Happy Shades was published in this period. Munro’s first marriage was ended in 1972 and she then moved back to the University of Western Ontario. Afterwards， Munro got married to her second husband Gerald Freling and lived there for decades until this April when Freling passed away and Munro moved to another place.
In addition to housework， her spare time was mostly spent on writing. It was said that Munro hurried to write down the words during the scattered trivial time of her daily work for fear of the slipping away of the inspiration. Usually in the periods like after the children fall asleep， waiting for the oven to finish baking， husband going out and after finishing cleaning the bowls. The women characters in Munro’s later works often have rich life experience， strong willed and tough， and realize their self-value in ordinary life.
辍学后，门罗嫁给了第一任丈夫詹姆斯・门罗，做起了家庭主妇。从此，她的生活重心转向了家庭。在婚后的几年间，门罗生下了三个女儿。但不幸的是，二女儿出生后的15个小时内即夭折。1963年，门罗夫妇搬到温哥华的维多利亚市，创办了一家“门罗书店”。迄今，这家书店仍广受读者的喜爱。门罗曾在访谈中表示，经营书店的十年是她第一段婚姻生活中最快乐的时光，因为她可以一边帮助丈夫照看书店，一边在书海中不断学习、钻研写作技巧。其成名作《快乐影子舞》便发表于此期间。门罗的第一段婚姻于1972年结束，随后她搬回了西安大略大学。后来门罗与第二任丈夫杰拉尔德・弗雷林结婚，并在这里居住了几十年。直到今年四月弗雷林去世，门罗才开始搬去别的地方生活。
在为家务劳神操心之外，她的业余时间几乎都花在写作上。据悉，早期的门罗都是在孩子们入睡后、等待烤箱时、丈夫出门后、刷完碗这种零散琐碎的时间中赶紧写下几句，生怕灵感跑掉。所以门罗后期作品中描写的女性都有着丰富的人生经历，大多坚强隐忍，在平凡生活中得到自我价值的实现。
Going through Munro’s works， it is not hard to find out her life track. A father character in one of her novels was a farmer raising minks and another female protagonist moved from the southwest of Ontario to Vancouver after marriage. There is also a character who is a writer and whose mother is a school teacher. Death of mother at a young age， a poor family， non-graduate of university， early marriage， giving birth to children， divorce， remarriage and becoming grandmother， all these plots in her own life have correspondence in her novels. Some readers consider the comprehensive work Runaway Munro completed in 2004 as a semi-autobiography to some extent.
纵观门罗的作品，不难发现她生活的轨迹：其中一个角色的父亲以前是饲养水貂的，另一个女主角在结婚后从安大略西南部搬到了温哥华，还有一个作家的母亲是学校的老师。早年丧母，家境贫寒，大学未毕业，早婚，生育，离婚，再婚，成为祖母，这些情节都在她的小说中有所对应。有读者认为门罗在2004年完成的集大成作品《逃离》，在某种程度上便是她的半自传。
Works concerned with women’s fate
作品多关注女性命运
Munro got married at an early age so that marriage life and the attitudes and choices of women in marriage and family have become a common and important theme in Munro’s writing. The stories of ordinary people in small places， especially women， are the main content in Munro’s writing and most of the protagonists in her work are women. She depicts women’s whole life from teenage， middle age to old age with trivial life events and emotions. The protagonists in these novels share a common characteristic that is ordinariness even though they are of different ages， different life experience and different work. Munro is good at seeing through the inner mind movement of protagonists with a unique point from their seemingly quiet and mediocre life.
由于早早步入婚姻殿堂，婚姻生活以及女性在婚姻与家庭中的态度与抉择便成为门罗的写作中最常见和最重要的一个主题。小地方的普通人，尤其是女人的故事是门罗写作的主要内容，她作品的主人公基本都是女性。她用琐碎的生活和情感勾勒出女性从少女到中年、老年，再到晚年的一生。这些故事的主角都有一个共性，那就是平凡。她们年龄不等，人生阅历不同，从事着各行各业的工作。门罗擅长从她们乍看下平静，甚至平庸的生活中拈取独特的角度，带着读者洞察主人公内心深处的涟漪。
Most of the early works of Munro feature young girls who just enter into society or marriage life. The main story line is around love， sex and children. While her later works are focused on the desires， struggles and regrets of middle and old aged women. In 1986， persistent Munro finally overcame the depression of being a young mother and published her first collection of short stories Dance of the Happy Shades which Munro spent nearly 20 years to complete. This collection focuses on describing the manners of small towns and the feelings of young boys and girls. It aroused great attention once published. Munro got Governor's Literary Award， the highest literary award in Canada and formally got listed into the circle of “famous writers”. This event also injected a new trend into European and American literary world which usually pays little attention to short stories. That year Munro was 37 years old and that year was also the time when Canadian feminist movement reached its height. This could be a coincidence but it could also predict the close relation between her works and women.
Some readers said that even though those distinctive and rich female characters were not Munro herself， they were shining with her characteristics. For some sensitive description about divorce， murder and runaway in her books， Munro rarely makes her own position clear， leaving all the words for readers to figure out and savor in their own way.
在门罗早期的作品中，多以一些刚步入社会或者进入家庭生活的女孩子为主，故事主线是爱情、性、孩子等；后期作品则侧重描写中、老年妇女对生活的欲望、挣扎和遗憾。1968年，坚强执著的门罗终于克服了年轻妈妈的抑郁，出版了第一本短篇小说集《快乐影子舞》，这是门罗用近20年时间完成的呕心之作。这本小说集着重描写小镇风情和少男少女的感情，一经出版便引起广泛关注。随即门罗获得了加拿大最高文学奖――总督文学奖，正式踏入“知名作家”行列，也给当时对短篇小说不够重视的欧美文坛带来了一股新的风潮。出名那一年门罗37岁，时值加拿大女权主义运动的最高峰，也许这注定了她的作品要跟女性紧密相连。
有读者曾说，这些鲜明饱满的女性角色虽不是门罗自己，但处处都有她的影子。而对于书中一些比较敏感情节的描绘，比如离婚、谋杀、出走等，门罗也很少表明自己的立场，将一切留给读者，让他们用自己的方式揣摩、品味。
Pleasant surprise after stopping writing
封笔后的意外之喜
Munro has focused on writing short stories since her writing career started. Her distinctive style of plainness and elegance and her continuous refinement of her work earned the appraise in the field. In her nearly 50 years of writing life， she has embraced nearly all major literature awards. The well-known writer Cynthia Ozick described her as “contemporary Chekhov”. From this， we can see that Munro deserves all the prizes.
Due to time difference， when the committee of Nobel Prize for literature announced that Munro got the prize， Canada was at midnight. The committee could only leave a phone message that she had got the prize. It was Munro’s daughter who found out the message and excitedly told it to her mother， while Munro just calmly said that it was midnight and she had already forgot the Nobel thing.
从创作生涯伊始，门罗就执着于短篇小说写作。作品不断精雕细琢后，却依然纯朴自然、淡雅独特的风格得到了业界的一致赞扬。在近50载的文学生涯中，各大文学奖项被她揽入怀中，著名作家辛西娅・奥齐克甚至将她誉为“当代契诃夫”，所以门罗斩获诺奖也是实至名归。
由于时差原因，诺贝尔文学奖评委会宣布门罗获奖时，加拿大正是午夜，评委会只能给门罗电话留言告诉她获奖了。后来还是门罗的女儿将她叫醒，激动地告诉了她这个消息，而淡然的门罗表示“现在是午夜，我已经忘记了这件事。”
82 year-old Munro suffered from heart disease and was subjected to cancer treatment. In 2012， after publishing her lasted novel Dear Life， she announced that she decided to stop writing. However， when interviewed after receiving the Nobel Prize， Munro also said that “This prize might change my decision.”
Munro did not publish her first novel until she reached her middle age. In her works， there is no flowery language， no twisting plots but the simple and plain words can accurately deliver the characters’ psychological activities and penetrate their souls. Munro， with her persistent pursuit， made short novels have a great victory in Nobel Prize in literature. Although Munro is a late bloomer， her love for literature has never faded， which is the most perfect realization of dreams and the purest tribute to literature.
现年82岁高龄的门罗患有心脏疾病，正在接受癌症治疗，所以在2012年出版最新小说集《亲爱的生活》后，门罗宣布封笔。但是在诺奖折桂后接受采访时门罗也表示“得奖或许会让我改变这一决定”。
人到中年才发表自己的第一部小说集，作品没有浓墨重彩的辞藻，也没有轰轰烈烈的剧情，平凡简淡的文字却能精准拿捏人物心理，洞悉每个角色。门罗用自己对文学不懈地追求让短篇小说在诺贝尔文学奖上完成了华丽的“逆袭”。虽然大器晚成，但门罗心中的热血却从未停止流淌，这便是对梦想最完美的实现，也是对文学最纯粹的致敬。
Appendix：
works of Alice Munro
附：爱丽丝门罗作品集
1.《欢乐荫影之舞》（Dance of the Happy Shades，1968）
2.《女孩和女人的生活》（Lives of Girls and Women，1971）
3.《有一件事我一直想告诉你》（Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You，1974）
4.《你以为你是谁？》（Who Do You Think You Are？1978）
5.《木星的卫星》（The Moons of Jupiter，1982）
6.《爱的进程》（The Progress of Love，1986）
7.《我年轻时的朋友》（Friend of My Youth，1990）
8.《公开的秘密》（Open Secrets，1994）
9.《善良女子的爱》（The Love of a Good Woman，1998）
10.《憎恨、友谊、求爱、爱恋、婚姻》（Hateship， Friendship， Courtship，Loveship，Marriage，2001）
11.《逃离》（Runaway，2004）
12.《石城远望》（The View from Castle Rock，2006）
13.《太多的幸福》（Too Much Happiness，2009）
14.《亲爱的生活》（Dear Life，2012）