Discussion on the Construction Technology for the Tile Wall of Ningbo Tengtou Ca

开篇：润墨网以专业的文秘视角，为您筛选了一篇Discussion on the Construction Technology for the Tile Wall of Ningbo Tengtou Ca范文，如需获取更多写作素材，在线客服老师一对一协助。欢迎您的阅读与分享！

（1.Art College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China;

2.College of Fine Arts, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China）

Abstract. Zhejiang Ningbo Tengtou case pavilion was the world's only countryside practice case selected in Shanghai World Expo 2010. The representative works of Shu WANG who was the winner of Pritzker Prize 2012 was the architecture with Ningbo regional cultural characteristics and new local styles, which was constructed using a large amount of the local materials such as worn brick and tile and the tile construction technology popular in the eastern Zhejiang folk society. The tile wall of ningbo tengtou case pavilion consists of tile wall, lining wall, structure cavity, and inner wall, making the problems of poor waterproof and heat insulation in the traditional tile wall solved very well; the stability and integrity of tile wall are increased using a beam structure. In construction, the vertical effect is simulated using computer, and then laying off and vertical perception effect control are implemented. Through the application of these technologies, a good construction effect is achieved.

Key words: Tile Wall; Lining Wall; Support Beam; Construction Technology

Introduction

Tile wall is popular in the eastern Zhejiang folk society. It is a wall form, in which top priority is given to the wasted and worn building materials taken from the local places, and grass and mud plus white lime are used as auxiliary bonding materials. It is constructed using the layer-to-layer bonding technology. For Ningbo Tengtou case pavilion, the tile wall of a large area is used as building's exterior wall decoration, and Ningbo regional cultural characteristics and traditional architecture elements are integrated with modern architecture form and technology. Externally, Ningbo Tengtou case pavilion is a two-layer and antique folk house in the south of the Yangtze River. The idea of "urbanization and ecological practice" will be emphatically shown by Ningbo Tengtou case pavilion relying on the theme of "urbanized modern village and livable home in dream". Its inside is divided into three big exhibition halls ("sounds of nature and ground", "dynamic motion of heaven and earth", and "harmonies of heaven and man"), from which the ecological environment in Tengtou Village can be felt by visitors and the profound local styles can be experienced, as shown in figure 1.

Fig.1.Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion

Overview of the project

Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion is located in the blocks A~1 of the best north practice area of Shanghai World Expo 2010; the project construction land area is 1020 m2 and the total construction area is 1200 m2; the height of the building is 14 m; it includes two layers on the ground. This project was constructed with building materials according to the combined tile wall and bamboo texture concrete technology.

Key technologies

Waterproof, heat preservation, and heat insulation technologies

The introduction of tile wall lining wall is the core to solve the technology problem. The tile wall of the case pavilion consists of four structural layers (see figure 2), which are tile wall, tile wall lining wall, structure cavity, and inner wall from outside to inside. The reinforced concrete tile wall lining wall of 15 cm is the main component, but also the main construction of exterior wall waterproof; a waterproof structural layer and a gutter drainage system are set in the junction of structure cavity and floor ground. Tile wall and its lining wall are closely connected into a whole using pull bar and beam, so the safety of the structure is fully safeguarded. Tile wall is the first gate of waterproof, and its lining wall is the second gate of waterproof and also the key gate; the structure cavity between the tile wall lining wall and its inner wall is the final gate of waterproof. Through this structure design, rain is completely blocked out of door and also structure cavity is the main channel for part of the indoor pipelines. The closed system, consisting of tile wall, tile wall lining wall, structure cavity, and inner wall, promotes the building to possess a very good thermal insulation performance.

Fig.2.Tile wall and the structure sketch

Structure safety technology

The construction materials for tile wall own poor compressive strength and differ greatly in length, width, and thickness, the bonding strength different blocks is very low, and the overall compressive strength and stability of the wall are poor. According to the survey results of the existing tile walls, the single-tile wall should be constructed not more than 4m. However, the height of tile wall in the case pavilion is more than 3m and can reach 14m to the maximum. To meet this requirement, a plan of dividing tile wall into separated blocks not more than 3m in terms of structure stress and also not breaking the overall effect should be sought. After multiple plans are tested, a support beam structure system additional from the lining wall of tile wall is chosen as shown in figure 3. This system makes tile wall separated along the direction of height every 3m~4m. Support beam is divided into light beam and dark beam, which appear alternately according to the architectural design requirement. The light beam shares the same width with the tile wall, and the outside appearance is processed according to artificial stone surface; the dark beam is 6cm (120mm width) narrower than tile wall, and the inner concave is constructed with tiles. Seen from the external vertical surface, the appearance of the dark beam is the same to the surrounding tile walls. To enhance the link between tile wall and lining wall, galvanized pull bar is embedded in the lining wall to link with tile wall, and also a joint of 60mm width exists between tile wall and lining wall for secondary grouting processing, so that the stability and integrity of tile wall are enhanced.

Fig.3.Tile wall and its liner wall and support beam system

Construction effect control technology

According to the existing tile wall information and the tile wall test effects of many times, the vertical wall effect simulation diagrams of the case pavilion were completed by the designers through computer. In the construction of the tile wall, laying-off, construction, and vertical impression effects are controlled based on these effect simulation diagrams.

Preparation before construction

Requirements on materials

Tile wall construction materials include main masonry materials and auxiliary bonding material. Auxiliary bonding material is cement mortar. Main masonry materials can be generally classified into three types: (1) brick material includes more than 40 kinds of bricks such as blue brick and red brick collected in the transformation of the old city, the unified size of red brick is 240mm×115mm×53mm, and the length, width, and height of blue brick are respectively in 200~350 mm, 57~210 mm, and 25~100mm; (2) tile refers to the different kinds of collected blue tile and red tile with a thickness of 8~30mm; (3) tile cylinder piece refers to lump materials (maroon) of the generally the same sizes, which is made of the old tile cylinder and crocks collected from many channels. The collected materials of brick and tile are preliminarily screened first for removing those of serious pollution and 50% broken parts. The mud, dust and other impurities will be clearly removed from the materials of the preliminary selection, and then brick and tile are separately piled aside after fully washed using high-pressure water.

Requirements on equipments

Tile wall construction is all manual work. The equipments needed in this construction are simple: a mortar mixing machine (350L), and several manual cutting machine units. Vertical and horizontal transportation equipments and construction scaffolding requirements are required in the ordinary masonry engineering.

Requirements on labor force

After training learning, personnel can skillfully operate all processes of tile wall masonry construction, and know well the tile wall masonry material performances and the masonry points and requirements of different materials as well as the mutual relationship between different materials and masonry impression effect, and the vertical simulated pictures of the tile wall of each part. All construction personnel can access to the working platform for construction after the task objectives are clearly known.

Construction flow

The construction flow is as follows: preparation for construction laying off setting up story pole brick block slurry masonry construction concealment and acceptance filling and seaming cleaning and maintenance check and acceptance.

Preparation for construction

In this project, the method of "irrigation first, followed by masonry construction" is used for the construction of the tile wall. That is, the concrete lining wall is first casted, and then tile wall is constructed. The construction method is "tile wall is constructed after the lining wall is cased once". In the stage of construction preparation, it is necessary to carry out the construction flow check and acceptance of tile wall’s lining wall in addition to make preparation before the construction of others, and the key point is to make comprehensive check and acceptance on the pre-embedded joint reinforcement quantity and location, and the dimensions, verticality, smoothness, and concrete compactness of concrete lining wall, light beam, and dark beam, and the reserved position and sizes of door and window holes. The parts not meeting the requirements should be rectified for ensuring the embedded joint reinforcement in the place, accurate lining wall and support beam sizes, good shapes, non-water seepage concrete, and window and door holes reserved position and accurate size.

Laying off tile walls

The vertical side should be independently laid off according to the simulation effect of each vertical tile wall, and also clear identity and regional boundaries are made between the checked and accepted lining walls according to different materials and different results; the focus area is laid off using the grid method, and the completion of each laying-off should be reviewed, checked, and accepted by the professionals for ensuring the laying-off accurate.

Setting up story pole

The requirements on setting up story pole are the same to those of ordinary masonry engineering, but horizontal lines are unnecessary for each brick and only necessary for the bricks at wall’s foot margin support beam, or every 60cm along the vertical direction.

The masonry construction of tile wall

(1) Each tile wall is divided into brick area, brick and tile mixed area, tile area, and tile cylinder piece area.

(2) Layer-to-layer masonry construction is used for tile wall. The cement mortar paste 1:2 is used for bricks in construction; every 1~4 tiles is wiped with paste according to the tile surface flatness and thickness; the brick paste thickness is in 5~8 mm, and the tile paste thickness is 4~6 mm. The outside lateral 20~30mm of brick and tile should be not pasted, and also paste is prohibited to flow out, so that paste traces are ensured not to be seen from the appearance of tile wall, and the other parts are required to be pasted fully.

(3) The ends of wall corner, corner protector, and door and window holes should be constructed with unbroken bricks, and single stretcher bond and double-stretcher bond are used in the construction, in which bricks are required to be interlocking and tightly solid, brick masonry body is horizontal and vertical, and architrave is flat and straight.

(4) At the tie bar areas of tile wall, tie bar should be completely packed by slurry mortar for ensuring tie bar and masonry body reinforced.

(5) The thickness of the tile wall after masonry construction should be controlled within about 120mm, and the gaps of about 60mm are reserved between tile wall and lining wall for pasting.

(6) Bricks leveling layer is set up every 600mm along the height of wall body, and the bricks leveling layers of other parts should be connected.

(7) The adhesion mortar and mortar overflow traces should be timely cleaned up at the brick and tile joints after each section of tile wall is constructed, so as to ensure wall surface and the brick and tile gaps clean.

Construction quality control

The masonry construction of tile wall is only a special wall masonry technique popular in the folk society, and there are no construction methods and quality acceptance standards in a strict sense for it. A section of wall should be compared with the effect simulation diagram after masonry construction is completed, so as to find problems and timely analyze and communicate with the designers, and then constantly make conclusions and improvements. Finally, the best visual effect can be produced as much as possible, and also great rework can be prevented. Based on many tests and the conclusion on the wall and sample wall construction, the construction quality acceptance standards for the case pavilion tile wall were made by referring to Code for Construction Quality Acceptance of Brickwork Engineering GB50203-2002, and also had been used in the project construction. Finally, a good effect is achieved.

Conclusion

The smooth construction of case pavilion tile wall has provided mature and reliable experience for the application of tile wall as a traditional construction technology to modern architecture, and also has opened up a new idea for the reuse of the wasted building materials such as old brick and tile caused in the urban transformation. It is importance experience in sustainable development.

References

[1] Shu WANG. Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion in World Expo Shanghai in China [J]. World architecture, 2012 (05).

[2] Shu WANG. Section View—Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion [J]. Journal of Architecture, 2010 (05).

[3] Zhenyu FANG. Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion in World Expo Shanghai [J]. Knowledge of Architecture, 2011 (10).

[4] Wei XU. Ningbo Tengtou Case Pavilion [J]. Architectural Creation, 2010 (7).