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定语从句是具有典型英语思维特点的句型,也是中考的考试难点之一。准确理解其定义和基本结构特点,正确判断和使用好关系词是初中阶段的基本要求。
【从句特点】
英语思维和中文思维不同,中文的定语一般放在被修饰词之前,而英语中常把超过两个单词的定语后置。如:The boy standing there is my classmate. (站在那边的男孩是我的同学。)短语standing there为the boy的后置定语。将其还原成结构完整的句子为The boy who/that is standing there is my classmate. 这个由关系词who/that引导的句子,结构、意义完整,修饰先行词the boy,就是定语从句。
【从句结构】
定语从句的基本结构为:先行词+关系词+从句。
先行词是被定语从句所修饰的词,通常位于定语从句之前。关系词引导定语从句,是先行词的“代言人”,在定语从句中可充当主语、宾语、定语或状语等。
关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词中,为“人”类先行词“代言”的有who/whom/that;为“物”类先行词“代言”的有which/that(that既可以修饰人,又可以修饰物);whose既可以指人,又可以指物,表示所属关系,在从句中只能做定语。
关系副词包括when,where,why。在定语从句中作时间、地点或原因状语。一般相当于“介词+which”的结构。
【巧解从句】
判断一个从句是否为定语从句有两项指标:1)必须有先行词。没有先行词,定语从句不存在;2)先行词以及替代先行词的关系代词或关系副词必须在定语从句中充当某种成分(主语、宾语、表语、定语或状语)。解答定语从句题分两步走:
第一步:找准先行词;
第二步:分析从句成分,看是否缺主语、宾语或状语等,从而确定选择关系代词还是关系副词,缺定语用whose。
【考点梳理】
考点一:考查关系代词的用法
1. ―What are you looking for?(2011年长沙卷)
―I’m looking for the book you lent me yesterday.
A. that B. who C. whose
[解析]先行词the book指物,在定语从句中作动词lend(lent)的宾语,关系代词可用which或that。答案为A。
2. Gina loves singers write their own music.(2011年株洲卷)
A. which? ? B. who? ? C. has worked
[解析]先行词singers指人,在定语从句中作主语,关系代词可用that或who。which指代物,在从句中做主语或宾语;has worked为谓语,不能做连接词。答案为B。
3. The teachers came for a visit are foreigners.(2011年河北卷)
A. who? ? B. whom? ? C. whose? ? D. which
[解析]先行词the teachers指人,在定语从句中作主语。关系代词可用who或that。whom指代人,在从句中只能做宾语;whose指代“谁的”,在从句中只能做定语。答案为A。
4. There will be a stamp show in the museum we visited last week.(2011年舟山卷)
A. who? ? B. when? ? C. which? ? D. what
[解析]先行词museum指物,在定语从句中做动词visit的宾语,关系代词可用that或which。答案为C。
5. “Get new knowledge by reviewing the old” is a famous saying by Confucius(孔子). He was a great thinker words still have a great effect on millions of people around the world today.(2011年哈尔滨卷)
A. who? ? B. who’s? ? C. whose
[解析]该句句意为“温故而知新”,是孔子的名言。孔子是一位伟大的思想家,至今他的言论还影响着全世界数百万人。先行词thinker指人,在定语从句中作定语,修饰名词words,关系代词只能用whose,表示“谁的”。who’s是who is的缩略式,不能充当连接词,答案为C。
6. ―Do you know the kid with Bob is talking over there?
―Yes,it’s my cousin.(2011年黄石卷)
A. who? ? B. that? ? C. 不填? ? D. whom
[解析]答案为D。先行词the kid指人,在定语从句中作动词talk的宾语,关系代词可用who/whom/that。但在此句中介词with前置,只能用whom。
温馨提示:关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置时,只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)。
考点二:考查关系副词的用法
关系副词when,where,why在定语从句中分别充当时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
1. I can’t forget the time the earthquake happened in Yushu. (2011年岳阳卷)
A. when? ? B. which? ? C. where
[解析]先行词the time指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,可用关系副词when。答案为A。
2. This is the school I studied three years ago. (2010年菏泽卷)
A. where? ? B. when? ? C. that? ? D. which
[解析]先行词the school指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,关系副词可用where。答案为A。
考点三:考查关系代词that的用法
关系代词that既可指代人,也可指代物,关系代词which指代物的时候,可与that互换。但是,下列情况只能用that。
1)先行词为all,anything,everything,nothing,much,none,the one,little等不定代词时;
2)先行词前有the last,next,the only,the very等修饰时;
3)先行词前有序数词或最高级等修饰时;
4)当先行词既有人,又有物时;
5)当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。
1. I’ve found some pictures of the most interesting places you can visit during the winter holidays.(2011年烟台卷)
A. where? ? B. which? ? C. what? ? D. that
[解析]先行词places被最高级the most interesting修饰,在定语从句中作动词visit的宾语,只能选用关系代词that,答案为D。
【2011年真题集锦】
1. Do you know the girl is singing in the classroom?
A. when? ? B. who? ? C. which
2. The basketball I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
A. that? ? B. where? ? C. who? ? D. when
3. This is the camera my uncle gave me for my birthday.
A. which? ? B. who? ? C. what
4. John is the boy legs were badly hurt in the accident.
A. whose? ? B. that? ? C. who? ? D. which
5. ―Where did you go last week?
―I went to Zhang Aiping’s hometown and visited the house he was born in.
A. that? ? B. there? ? C. who? ? D. whose
6. I hate those don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who? ? B. which? ? C. what? ? D. where
7. The first thing my brother is going to do this afternoon is to write a letter.
A. which? ? B. that? ? C. why? ? D. who
8. This is the best novel I have read.
A. that? ? B. which? ? C. what? ? D. this
【Keys】 1~4:B A A A 5~8:A A B A