定语从句重难点辨析
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定语从句是高中的重点知识，也是高考的必考知识点，通常以单项填空和改错的形式出现，在写作中也是获取高分的黄金句。2011年18套全国及各省市高考试题中就有13个省市涉及这一语法点。要想掌握好定语从句就一定要弄清楚定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别，定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的区别，分隔定语从句，定语从句的插入语，定语从句的主谓一致，定语从句和名词性从句的区别，非限制性定语从句和并列句的区别，定语从句和状语从句的区别，定语从句和强调句的区别。最近几年，题目的设置注重了定语从句与其他从句的混合考查，这是定语从句教学中的难点。
先请同学们看两个谚语：
Nothing is difficult to a man who will try.
世上无难事, 只要肯攀登。
A man who laughs last laughs best.
笑到最后，笑得最好。
通过这两个例句，总结什么叫定语从句。
什么叫定语从句：在句中起定语作用的从句叫定语从句，它所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
1. 定语从句的识别
I've become good friends with several of the students in my schoolI met in the English speech contest last year。 (2010 湖南卷)
A. who B. where C. when D. which
解析：句意，我已经和去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几位学生成为了好朋友。考查限制性定语从句。先行词为several of the students,在定语从句中作met的宾语，而且先行词指人因此用who引导，当然也可用whom或省略。答案为A。
She showed the visitors around the museum, the constructionhad taken more than three years.
A. for which B. with which C. of which D. which
解析：句意，“她带领游客参观了博物馆，这座博物馆的建造工程花费了三年多的时间。”考查“介词+关系代词which”结构。先行词为museum，关系代词which在从句中充当后置定语，修饰the constructions,用of which作后置定语。答案为C。
2. 非限制性定语从句的识别
(1) Chan's restaurant on Baker Street,used to be poorly run , is now a successful business. (2007浙江卷)
A. that B. which C. who D. where
解析：句意：Chan 的饭店坐落在Baker 街上，过去经营的不好，现在成功了。这是个典型的非限制性定语从句，先行词是restaurant ,where是个陷阱项，在从句中缺少的是主语， 在从句中只能作状语，故不能选。
注意：1）that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
2）在非限制性定语从句中，先行词是人，又在从句中作宾语，不能用 who来代替whom。
3) 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词在从句中充当宾语时，不能省略。
(2) The Beatles,many of you are old enough to remember , came from Liverpool. (2006 天津高考)
A．what B. that C. how D. as
解析：引导非限制性定语从句时，as 和 which 的共同特点是：as, which都可以指代整个主句的内容。不同点是：as 引导的从句只能位于主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系，前后顺序，常译为：“正如…” 。 as在这个从句中作remember 的宾语。
3. 关系代词的基本用法
（1） 常见的关系代词。如表1：
表1
指代对象人物人/物
主格who, that which, that, asas ,that
宾格whom,thatwhich
所有格whosewhose
（2）常见的关系副词（介词+关系代词。注：介词后不能用that）。如表2：
表2
指代对象先行词关系副词及介词结构
时间day, year, date, time when, during which time
原因the reasonwhy, for which
地点the place, citywhere,in which, from which
1).非限定性定语从句的代词，除that不能用于非限定性定语从句，其他的关系代词和关系副词均可用。
例：1.I refused to accept the blame for something was someone eles's fault. (2010全国高考卷Ⅱ)
A．who B.that C.as D.what
解析：我拒绝接受因别人的过错而对我的责备。定语从句中的先行词是不定代词something，指物，并且在从句中做主语，因此只能用that。Who的先行词指人，as引导限制性定语从句时，前面要有such，the same ；what 不引导定语从句。
答案：B
2).The old temple roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.
A.where B.which C.its D.whose
解析：那座在暴风雨中屋顶受损的古庙现在还在维修中。考察限制性定语从句，先行词是the old temple，与定语从句中的主语roof之间为所属关系作定语，因此用whose。
答案：D
3).Life is like a long racewe compete with others to go beyond ourselves.
A.why B.what C.that D.where
解析：先行词为a long race，定语从句中主要句子成分完全，缺地点状语，故用where引导定语从句。
答案：D
4).They will fly to Washington, they plan to stay for two or three days.
A.where B.there C.which D.when
解析：Where引导定语从句，并在从句中作地点状语，修饰Washington。
答案：A
（3）多用或少用先行词的判断。先行词是被从句修饰的中心词，既不可缺少也不可重复使用。
例：
1.He made another wonderfor discovery, great important to science.
A.which I think it is B.which I think is
C.which I think it D.I think which is
答案：B
2.Is this factory you visited yesterday.
A.which B.that C.what D.the one
答案：D
4. 定语从句的难点
4.1 关系代词和关系副词的用法不同。
4.1.1 Why=for which 与which/that 的区别。
（1）The reason why he was ill yesterday is that he ate too much.
与The reason that/which he explained to us is that he ate woo much.
（2）I will never forget the day when I first came to the NO.11 Middle school.
与I will never forget the day which/that I spent with my friends in Tianchi.
4.1.2 as与which用来修饰整个句子的用法不同（当主句与从句的语义一致时，用as，反之用which）。
例：He made great progress,as we expected.
Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife does not like at all.
例题：（1）We are just trying to reach a point both sides will sit down together and talk.
A. where B. that C. when D. which
（2）It's helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
A.that B.when C.which D.where
（3）Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenespeople were eaten by the tiger.
A.in which B.by which C. which D.that
（4）There were dirty marks on her trousersshe had wiped her hands.
A.where B.which C.when D. that
（5）Is this the school?
A.which you study B.in which you study
C.for which you study D.where you study in
（6）I walked in our garden, Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees.
A.which B.when C.where D.that
（7）I saw a woman running towards me on the dark. Before I could recognize who she was , she had run back in the direction she had come.
A.of which B.by which C.in which D.from which
（8）Carol said the work would be done by October,personally I doubt very much.
A.it B.that C.when D.which
（9）It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.
A.that B.while C.which D.when
（10）.In an hour, we can travel to placeswould have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A.where B.when C.which D.what
答案：1-5ADAAB 6-10CDDDC
解析：1）关系副词与关系代词的选择要看先行词在从句中所充当的成分：充当主语，宾语等名词性成分，选择关系代词；充当状语时，选择关系副词。
2）关系副词引导的定语从句可以转化为介词+关系代词引导的定语从句。
3) 当句中先行词为point, case, situation ,scene等表情形时，其往往是由where引导的定语从句。
4.2 whose作定语与of which / of whom 作定语。
（1）Look out! Don't get too close to the house roof is under repair.
A.whose B.which C.of which D.that
（2）Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable.
A.which price B.the price of which
C.it's price D.the price of whose
（3）That tree, the branchesare almost bare, is a very old one.
A.whose B.of which C.in which D.of that
（4）The boss of the company, was Mr. Little, told the story.
A.the name of whom B.of which C.in which D.of that
答案:1-4ABBA
解析: whose在定语从句中最大特点是先行词既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作定语，直接放在被修饰的名词前，名词前不能有其他修饰词。一旦修饰词前有the,则有“of+关系词（who/which）”来代替，因此whose+名词=the+名词+of+which/whom=of which/whom+the+名词。
4.3 限定词+of+which/whom。
(1) I was told that there were about 50 foreign studentsChinese in the school, most were from Germany.
A.study; of whom B.study; of them
C.studying; of them D.studying; of whom
(2) I was given three books on cooking, the first I really enjoyed.
A.of that B.of which C.that D.which
(3) There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, five are mine.
A.on which B.in which C.of which D.from which
(4) The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% are sold abroad.
A.of which B.which of C.of them D.of that
答案：1-4DBCA
解析：1）限定词包括：不定代词（some, any, all, either, neither, both, each…）,数词(one, the first…)及many, most, several, (a) few, (a) little…百分数及分数词。
2）限定词+of which(指物)/whom（指人）可换成：of which/whom+限定词。
4.4 定语从句中的主谓一致。
(1) This is one of the roomsfree now.
A.that is B.that are C.what is D.what are
(2) He is the only one of the experts a little Chinese.
A.who knows B.who know C.which knows D. what know
答案：1-2BA
解析：1）定语从句先行词是 one of…结构时，先行词为of 后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数。
2）当定语从句先行词是the (only/very) one of …结构时，先行词为one, 从句谓语用单数形式。
4.5 非限制性定语从句和并列句的区别。
(1)The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running,meant spending tens of thousands of pounds.
A.who B.that C.as D.which
(2).The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but didn't help.
A.it B.she C.which D.he
答案：1-2DA
解析：发现句子之间有连词and, but等便是考查并列句，未出现连词是考非限制性定语从句。
4.6 定语从句与n.从句用法区别。
（a）as引导定从，与it引导的形式主语that引导的真正主从的用法分不清。
例：As is known,Class 12 is the best one in our school.
It is known that Class 12 is the best ong in our school.
(b)what引导主从与that引导的宾从用法分不清。
例：What he said is good for you.
All that he said is good for you.
(1) is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy.
A.As B.That C.That D.It
(2) I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
A.When B.After C.As D.Since
(3) has been announced , we shall have our final exams next month.
A.That B.As C.It D.What
(4) is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress.
A.It B.As C.That D.What
(5) is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior schools is increasing.
A.which B.As C.That D.It
答案：1-5DCBBB
解析： as引导的定语从句转化为主语从句遵守以下规则：as+从句，主句=It+剩余句子+that+句子=What+剩余句子+is/was+that+句子。
比如：As is mentioned above, the number of the students……
=It is mentioned above that the number of the students……
=What is mentioned above is that the number of……
4.7 与同位语从句的区别。
The news(that) he told me is exciting.
The news that he has been elected president of the United states is true.
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
4.7.1 从词类上区别。
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词?而定语从句的先行词可以是名词，代词，主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting. 我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题?(同位语从句)
Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了?(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那位医生在房间里面。(定语从句)
4.7.2 从性质上区别。
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
4.7.3 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别。
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句。如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)
I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略。that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替。
1）Along with the letter was his promise he would visit me this coming Christmas.(2004上海春季高考)
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
2）The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at I thought was a dangerous speed. (2004上海春季高考)
A. as B. which C. what D. that
3）Luckily,we'd brought a road map without we would have lost our way. (2004北京春季高考)
A. it B. that C. this D. which
答案:1. B 2. B 3. D
4.8 与表语从句的区别。
She is no longer the girl that she used to be .
She is no longer what she used to be.
1）Is the factory where he worked near your school？他工作过的工厂靠近你学校吗？
2）Is the factory the one where he worked？这就是他工作过的工厂吗？
3）Is the factory where he worked？这工厂就是他工作过的地方吗？
解析：这五个句子结构相似，均是主系表结构。若先将疑问句变为陈述句，再判断其从句的功能有助于理解。上述例句分别可变为：
1）The factory where he worked is near our school．
2）The factory is the one where he worked．
3）The factory is where he worked．显然句1、2中的从句为定语从句，句3中的从句为表语从句。
4.9 与宾语从句的区别。
He did all that he could to help me.
He did what he could to help me.
（1）宾语从句（Object Clauses）：1）宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句常由that引导，在口语中常省略。
例如： She says (that) she works from Monday to Friday. 她说她从周一至周五上班。
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。
2）由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。 引出名词性从句的连词whether和if，在引出宾语从句时，用法和意义相同。但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句，而whether除了引出宾语从句外，还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
例如： We don't know whether (if) it is right.
我们不知道它是否正确。
当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲，则引出状语从句。
例如： I shall go there if I have time.
如果我有时间，我将到那儿去。
（2）定语从句（Attributive Clauses）:在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有：when, where, why等。
1）who, whom, that 。这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2）which, that 。它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作主语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
3) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
4）when, where, why 。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，在从句中作状语。例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
练习：
1> is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. (NMET 1995)
A. There B. This C. That D. It
2>A computer can only do you have instructed it to do．（NMET2001）
A．how B．after C．what D．when
3.>He asked for a violin．（MET1992）
A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid
4>What the doctors really doubt is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon．（上海2001年春季招生）
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
5>It is generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. (NMET1997)
A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever
6>leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. (MET1988)
A. Anyone B. The person C. Whoever D. Who
7>Sarah hopes to become a friend of shares her interests. (Shanghai1995)
A. anyone B. whomever C. whoever D. no matter who
8>―I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
―Is that you had a few days off ? ( NMET1999)
A. why B. what C. when D. where
9>I still remember this used to be a quiet village. ( NMET1993)
A. when B. how C. where D. what
10>I read about it in some book or other，does it matter it was？（2001春季招生）
A．where B．what C．how D．which
11>―I think it is going to be a big problem.
―Yes, it could be.
―I wonder we can do about it. (北京 2002春季)
A、if B、how C、what D、that
答案：1-5DCDCB 6-11CCAADC
4.10 与状语从句的区别（与地点状语的区别）
―Mom , what did your doctor say? (06四川)
―He advised me to live the air is fresher.
A. in which B. in that C. the place where D.where
So/much …as…与so/such…that的区别。
（1）Pop music is such an important past of society is such an influenced(影响) our language.
A. as B. which C. that D. where (07上海)
（2）The teacher set such a difficult problem use couldn't. work out. (05广东)
A. as B. which C. that D. what
应对策略，四个字概括“瞻前顾后”。
瞻前-找准先行词，看清先行词是一个词还是一个句子。
要注意定从分隔的先行词（中间常插入一个定语，状语或谓语）
This is an expression in her eyes that I can't under stand.
顾后-分析从句的结构，看是否缺少成分，采用“还原”或“补缺”的方法。
例：This is the house (that/which) the teacher wanted to buy.
This is the housewhere a fire broke out last year.
巩固练习：
1.There are 103 elements(元素) in nature, are metals.
A. most of which B. most of them
C. most of that D. most which
2. You can take anything you like.
A. which B. there C. in which D. that
3. His English , used to be very poor , is now excellent.
A. that B. which C. it D. whom
4. The house we live is not large.
A. which B. in which C. on which D. at which
5.My home village is no longer the same it used to be.
A. which B. as C. where D. in which
6. The prize will be given to has done the best in the contest.
A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever
7. Recently, I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was reasonable .
A. which price B. the price of which C. It's price D.price of whose
8.Taiwan is part of China.
A.It's known to all that B.It's known to all C. As is known to all D.which we all known
9. Don't talk about such things of you are not sure.
A. which B. what C. as D. those
10. Is this the factory you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
11. Is this factory some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
12. Is this the factory he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
13. The wolves hid themselves in the places couldn't be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
14. The freezing point is the temperaturewater changes into ice.
A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what
15. This book will show you can be used in other contexts.
A. how you have observed B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed
16. The reason is he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because B. why C. that D. whether
17. I'll tell you he told me last week.
A. all which B. that C. all that D. which
18. That tree, branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which
19. I have bought the same dress she is wearing.
A. as B. that C. which D. what
20. He failed in the examination, made his father very angry.
A. which B. it C. that D. what
21. We're talking about the piano and the pianist were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
22. The girl an English song in the next room is Tom's sister.
A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing
23. Those not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn
24. Anyone this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts B. that against
C. who is against D. who are against
25. Didn't you see the man ?
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
26. Can you lend me the novel the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
27. Is there anything to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs
C. that belong D. which belongs
28. ―“How do you like the book?”
―“It's quite different from I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
29. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except who had already taken them.
A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others
30. The train she was travelling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
31. He has lost the key to the drawer the papers are kept.
A. where B. in which C. under which D. which
32. Antarctic we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
33. It's the third time late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived
C. that you've arrived D. when you've arrived
34. It was in 1969 the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that B. which C. when D. in which
35. May the fourth is the day we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which B. when C. on which D. about which
36. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that C. who D. where
37. The hotel during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
38. Is it in that factory “Red Flag” cars are produced?
A. in which B. where C. which D. that
39. It is the Suez Canal separates Asia Africa.
A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with
40. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
A. there B. where C. it D. which
41. He is not a fool .
A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks
C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks
42. Is that the reason you are in favour of the proposal?
A. which B. what C. why D. for that
43. He must be from Africa, can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as C. who D. what
44. He has two sons, work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom
45. I, your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is
46. He is a man of great experience, much can be learned.
A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom
47. ―Do you know the town at all?
―No, this is the first time I here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
48. I don't like you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that
C. the way which D. the way of which
49. The two things they felt very proud are Jim's gold watch and Della's hair.
A. about which B. of which C. in which D. for which
50. The dinner was the most expensive meal we.
A. would have B. have had C. had never had D. had ever had
51. Do you know which hotel ?
A. she is staying B. she is staying in
C. is she staying D. is she staying in
52. There is only one thing I can do.
A. what B. that C. all D. which
53. Who can think of a situation this idiom can be used?
A. which B. that C. where D. in that
54. I have many books, some of are on chemistry.
A. them B. that C. which D. those
55. They were interested you told them.
A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything
56. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, much help for knowing space.
A. which we think it is B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is D. I think which is of
57. The great day we looked forward to at last.
A. come B. came C. coming D. comes
58. I like the second football match was held last week.
A. which B. who C. that D. /
参考答案：
1-5ADBBB 6-10CBAAA 11-15 DBAAB 16-20CCAAA
21-25DADCD 26-30DBCAC 31-35BDCAA 36-40DADCA
41-45BCBBB 46-50DBABD 51-55BBCCD 56-58BBC
收稿日期：2012-04-15