Grey-Correlative-Degree Analysis of Influencing Factors of Women’s Employment in
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Abstract
Since the reform in transitional economies， the status of women has deteriorated relative to that of men， both in terms of income and employment. Many social and economic factors influence women’s employment. Based on gray system theory， this paper makes grey-correlativedegree analysis of influencing factors of women’s employment in order to reveal the main influencing factors. According to the grey-correlative-degree， factors influencing women employment during transition ranks as following： human capital investment， average size of household， wage level， development of tertiary industry and state of matrimony. This paper gives some policy advices based on the result， such as raising the level of women human capital investment， promoting housework socialization， protecting labor income right of women by legal means， and developing the tertiary industry to supply more jobs for women.
Key words： Women’s employment； Influencing factors； Grey-correlative-Degree analysis
INTRODUCTION
After the foundation of the New China， China’s female labor force participation rate （FLFPR） exceeded other countries and areas a lot （Zhang， 2002）. But since the reform and opening to the outside world， controlling for the effects of the wider definition of employment in 1990， the FLFPR in China has fallen gradually， and the status of women has deteriorated relative to that of men both in terms of income and employment in the economic transition （Li & Gustafsson， 1999）. Generally speaking， gender difference in China was narrowed by the government before the reform， which was more or less responsible for the decline in the position of women in employment and income.
China’s employment regime is conducted into a
market track during transition from planed economy to market economy. In this process， enterprises have a big say in employment， which influence female workers used to be under protection of employment policy in planed economy. Women’s employment condition has changed a lot. Women’s employment is a complicated social and economic problem. Women’s employment is not only influenced by labor demand， such as knowledge， skill， experience and discrimination， but also influenced by labor supply that is relevant to women themselves， and labor supply will influence labor demand too. In market economy， enterprises will measure the cost and benefit of using female labor under the rule of maximum of profit. Because of physiologic and social factors， married women may cause losses to enterprises by reason of housework， pregnancy， childbearing and lactation. In this condition， enterprises always reduce female labor demand. Based on mechanism of grey-correlative-degree analysis， this paper chooses some factors influencing women employment and studies influencing degree of these factors. Based on which this paper gives some policy advices to promote women employment and construct harmonious labor market.
As is calculated， T-Mode grey-correlative-degree of women employment influencing factors ranks as following： human capital investment， average size of household， wage level， development of tertiary industry and state of matrimony. Some policy advices are given based on the result to encourage female employment and construct healthy and harmonious labor market.
4.1 Raising the Level of Women Human Capital Investment
Women should have more modern characteristics in market economy， and raising the qualifications of women is very important. Women must raise the level of their scientific and cultural knowledge and vocational skills through education and training to strengthen their competitiveness in labor market. Therefore， our government should create social environment of eliminating gender discrimination that will cause difference in human capital investment. Law related with female employment protection has focused on raising the employment ratio and labor protection of women for a long time in China. With the advent of knowledge economic era， protecting equal human capital investment opportunities for women is also important. The government should sternly execute the law to protect the opportunity of fair human capital investment for women while constitute feasible law， to promote women realize their self-valuation as much as possible.
4.2 Promoting Housework Socialization Actively Under the traditional division of labor between females and males， a big family size means a heavy housework burden for women. Housework will cost women a lot of time and energy， and it will influence their performance in work. Therefore， employers tend toward male in labor market. It will cause negative influence on women employment. Socialization of housework means socialized production takes the place of housework took on by family members， and it can help women threw off the chains of heavy housework and do not have to worry about tending to their home， which will promote women participate in employment. At the same time， housework socialization can create more jobs suitable for women to resolve employment problem of women with poor skills.
4.3 Protecting Labor Income Right of Women by Legal Means
Chinese government attaches great importance to protection of rights and interests of women after foundation of China. According to related figures， the ratio of women personal income to men personal income is about 80% before opening up policy， and the principle of equal pay for equal work for men and women is basically in place in China. But this situation has changed since 80s with the economic transition. Although related law applies the principle of equal pay for equal work to men and women alike， and protects the right of women to work on equal terms with men， the wage gap between men and women continuously expanded. According to the report of Second Survey on Women Status hold by ACWF （AllChina Women’s Federation）， the ratio of women personal income to men personal income is dropped from 77.5% to 70.1% from 1990 to 1999 in cities. Protection the right of labor income of women has been one of key point to promote women employment. Government need improve rules and regulations to protect the right of labor income of women， and women can act more vigorously in labor marker and have more employment opportunities.
4.4 Developing the Tertiary Industry to Promote Female Employment
Women have potential advantages in tertiary industry， and government should develop the tertiary industry to supply more jobs and promote female employment. Many areas focus on community employment and community services may supply many potential jobs. ACWF did surveys in Chongqing， Wuhan and other big cities， which indicate that 25% laid-off female workers have reemployed in community. Organizing laid-off female workers to work in communities can not only promote the construction of communities and the adjustment of industries， but also make residents life more convenient. In the coming 20 years， the traditional services and tertiary industry will change a lot， and people will have new demands in food， clothes， housing， transportation， culture， education， sanitation， sports， environmental protection， telecom and traveling， which need to promote the development of modern services industry， and this will supply a new space for female employment. We should pay attention to the social demand and the change of market， and exploit and cultivate more jobs and raise the level of female employment， which will help women create new performance and lives.
CONCLUSION
This paper studies main social and economic factors influencing women’s employment during transition in China. Based on mechanism of gray system theory， this paper calculates T-Mode correlative degree of these main factors. According to the T-Mode correlative degree， influencing factors rank as following： human capital investment， average size of household， wage level， development of tertiary industry and state of matrimony. Based on the analysis， this paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. Firstly， raising the level of women human capital investment can help women strengthen their competitiveness in labor market. Secondly， promoting housework socialization can help women throw off the chains of heavy housework， which will encourage women to participate in employment. Thirdly， the government should protect labor income right of women by legal means effectively. Finally， developing the tertiary industry will promote female employment. These policy recommendations will help to promote female employment and construct healthy and harmonious labor market during transition in China.
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