宾语从句之通关秘籍
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在复合句中，置于及物动词、介词或某些形容词后起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。如
He told me that he’ll leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
I’m thinking of whether I should join the club.
I’m afraid that I can’t come this afternoon.
二、 引导词的用法
引导宾语从句的词叫引导词。
1.当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用that引导，that无词义，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said (that) he could finish his work before supper．
注意：在以下情况下that不能省略
（1）当主句的谓语动词后接多个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，但是后面的that不可省略。如：She said (that) you were too young to understand the problem and that he was asked not to tell you.
( 2)当主句的谓语动词与that引导的宾语从句之间有插入语时， that一般不可省略。如：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that the girl was wearing a ring.
( 3)当that所引导的宾语从句是主句的双宾语中的直接宾语时， that不可省略。如：
I can’t tell her that her mother died.
注意：当主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, except等词时，常常把否定转移到主句表示。如：I don’t think (that) you are right.
注意：在带复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句放到句尾，而用it做形式主语。如：I find it necessary that we should do our homework on time.
2.当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：
I don't know if ／whether he still lives here after so many years．
注意：在以下情况下只能用whether
(1)在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时,如：
Let me know whether or not he will come．
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go．
(2)在介词之后用whether.如：I'm interested in whether she likes English．
(3)在不定式前用whether.如： I don't know whether to go．
(4)whether置于句首时，不能换用if.如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say．
(5)若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether. 如:
Please let me know if you like the book．可理解为：“你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我”或“请告诉我你是否喜欢这本书”。Please let me know whether you like the book．
注意：引导否定概念的宾语从句时只能用if.如： Shi asked if I didn’t come to the party yesterday.
3.如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词（代词：who, whose, what, which, whom等；副词：when, where, how, why等）引导。如：
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting yesterday？
【典型例题】
1.（2013浙江丽水第29题）-I’m going to buy a car. Any advice, Charlie?
-Well, it depends on_________. If money isn’t a problem, you can buy a BMW.
A. when you will buy one
B. how much you can afford
C. what color you like
D. where you are driving.
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句中连接词的用法。根据下文语境“如果钱不是问题的话，你可以买一辆宝马”，可以推出此处应为：这取决于你能支付多少钱。和选项B相符，所以选B。
2.（2013黑龙江齐齐哈尔第10题）-I wonder when you _______ in New York.
-I’ll call you as soon as I _____ there.
A. arrive; will getB. will arrive; get
C. will arrive; will get
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句和状语从句。I wonder引导的是宾语从句，根据语境“想知道你什么时候到”，所以宾语从句应该用一般将来时。而答语中的as soon as引导的是时间状语从句，要用“主将从现”，从句要用一般现在时，所以选B。
三、宾语从句的语序
永远都是陈述句语序,即引导词（连接代词或连接副词）+陈述句语序,如：Could you tell me when the plane will leave?
【典型例题】
（2013湖北十堰第35题）The new-designed car is on show now. I wonder____________.
A. how much it cost
B. how much it costs
C. how much did it cost
【答案】B
【解析】考查宾语从句语序。宾语从句用陈述句语序所以先排除C选项，句子是一般现在时，it作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，所以选B。
四、宾语从句的时态
1.主句是一般现在时，宾语从句根据实际情况使用任何时态(主现从任)。如： I hope you’ll come back soon.
【典型例题】
（2013四川内江第29题）Could you please tell me _________a great actress?
A. how Zhao Wei has become
B. how did Zhao Wei become
C. how became Zhao Wei
D. how does Zhao Wei become
【答案】A
【解析】考查宾语从句语序及时态。宾语从句用陈述句语序所以先排除B和D选项，Could 是委婉请求，并非一般过去时，所以选A。
2.主句是一般过去时，从句必须用过去时态的某种形式：一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时（主过从过）。如：He said that he had finished his work.
【典型例题】
（2013黑龙江齐齐哈尔第21题）Tom asked whether_________ after he finished his project.
A. can he go to the cinema
B. he can go to the cinema
C. he could go to the cinema
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句语序及时态。宾语从句用陈述句语序所以先排除A选项，主句是一般过去时，从句也要用一般过去时，所以选C。
3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或是客观事实时，无论主句是何种时态，宾语从句永远都用一般现在时（从客用现）。如：The teacher told us that the moon travels around the earth.
【典型例题】
（2013黑龙江绥化第13题）The teacher asked the students______.
A. why the earth went around the sun
B. why does the earth go around the sun
C. why the earth goes around the sun
【答案】C
【解析】考查宾语从句语序及时态。宾语从句用陈述句语序所以先排除B选项，而地球绕着太阳转是客观真理，所以即使主句是一般过去时，从句也要用一般现在时，所以选C。
五、宾语从句之通关秘诀
宾语从句引导词，不同句子词相异；陈述句子用that；一般疑问用是否（if，whether）；特殊问句不用变。宾语从句的时态，主句不同从句异。主句若为现在时，从句时态应看意；主句若为过去时，从句时态向前移。宾语从句的语序，永保陈述句语序。
在实际应用中：先过语序关,再过引导词关,最后注意时态关及其他。
注意：if和when既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句。 if和when引导宾语从句时，为“是否”和“何时”的意思，其时态应和主句时态相呼应；而它们引导状语从句时，为“如果，假如”和“当……时候”的意思，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时（主将从现）。在中考中，它们常常被放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：
（1）―Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？(宾语从句)
―Sorry，I don't know． I'll tell you when he comes back．（时间状语从句）
（2）―I don't know if he will come． (宾语从句)
―He will come if it doesn't rain．（条件状语从句）
【典型例题】
（2013四川内江第22题）I don’t know if he______to the English corner, but I’ll ask him about that when he ______ to the class.
A. goes; will come B. will go; will come
C. goes; comesD. will go; comes
【答案】D
【解析】第一空考查宾语从句的时态的用法。根据句意“我不知道他是否去参加英语角”，表示将来，要用一般将来时；第二空是when引导的时间状语从句，要用“主将从现”，所以从句要用一般现在时，而he是主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数，所以选D。
【习题精选】
单项选择:
1. In the bookshop, a reader asked the shop keeper _____ Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book. (北京市东城区)
A. thatB. how C. what D. if
2. ―I don't know ____ Mr. Green will come to see us.
―He will help us with our English. (杭州市)
A. whyB. when C. howD. where
3. ―We never know _____ the old m an is. ―They say he is a teacher. (鄂州市)
A. what B. who C. which D. where
4. We’renot sure if it _______ tomorrow. If it ______ , we won’t go hiking.
A, will rain; rainsB. will rain; will rain
C. rains; rains D. rains; will rain
5. ―Do you know _____ ？I'm going to see him. ―Sorry, I don't know. (北京市海淀区)
A. where does Mr. Li live
B. where did Mr. Li live
C. where Mr. Li lives
D. where Mr. Li lived
6. ―W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer.
―Sorry, I have no idea. (南京市)
A. /; boughtB. has; bought
C. did; buy D. does; buy
7. I don't feel very well. Mum asked me _____ this morning. (重庆市)
A. what the matter isB. what is wrong
C. what the matter wasD. what wrong was
8. ―Where is Jack？
―He is away to spend his holiday. He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan, but I'm not sure _____ he is. (南昌市)
A. thatB. whichC. where D. there
9.―Could you tell me__________?
―“Rome was not built in a day.”You should try to give it enough chances to become strong,
A. why I should do to have a good memory
B. what I can do to have a good memory
C. how can I have a good memory
10.―Mr. Wang, can you tell me_________?
―www.heldu.cet will help you.(哈尔滨市)
A. what I can get the latest news about education
B. where can I search for the information about high schools
C. where I can find out the exam scores.
11. Please tell me ______ last year.
A. where does your sister work
B. where did your sister work
C. where your sister works
D. where your sister worked
12. She asked me if I knew ______.
A. whose pen is itB. whose pen it was
C. whose pen it isD. whose pen was it
13. You must remember ________.
A. what your mother said
B. what did your mother say
C. your mother said what
D. what has your mother said
14. Did you know ____
A. who he was looking after
B. who was he looking for
C. who he is looking for
D. who he is looking after
15. Could you tell me ___
A. when will they leave Beijing
B. when would they leave Beijing
C. when they will leave Beijing
D. when did they leave Beijing
参考答案:
1． D。读者问店员Who Moved My Cheese是否是一本有趣的书，所以选D。
2． A。 根据回答“他将帮助我们学英语”，所以选A。
3． A。根据回答“他是一位教师”，所以问的是职业，选A。
4． A。第一个if是“是否”的意思，引导宾语从句，明天是否下雨,所以用一般将来时，第二个if是“如果”的意思，引导条件状语从句，用“主将从现”，从句主语it，动词用第三人称单数，所以选A。
5． C。宾语从句语序错误排除A和B，我打算去看他 , 是问现在住哪，应该用一般现在时，所以选C。
6． A。宾语从句语序错误排除B、C、D，所以选A。
7． C。宾语从句“主过从过”时态错误，排除A和B；语序错误排除D，所以选C。
8． C。根据句意“他或是在杭州或是在武汉，我也不知道他在哪”，所以选C。
9． B。宾语从句语序错误排除C；根据回答“你应该尽力给足够的机会变强大”，所以选B。
10． C。根据回答“黑龙江教育网将会帮你”，所以选C。
11． D。宾语从句语序错误排除A和B；“去年”时态错误排除C，所以选D。
12． B。宾语从句语序错误排除A和D；“主过从过”时态错误，排除C，所以选B。
13． A。宾语从句语序错误排除B和D；引导词后接陈述句，排除C，所以选A。
14． A。宾语从句语序错误排除B；“主过从过”时态错误，排除C和D，所以选A。
15． C。宾语从句是陈述句语序，排除A、B、D，所以选C。
（作者单位：哈尔滨市第七十六中学）