最后的烧炭翁
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“卖炭翁，伐薪烧炭南山中。满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。”唐朝诗人白居易所刻画的卖炭翁形象深深地印在人们的脑海中。如今，木炭在人们的生活中早已不像古代那样重要，却因耐烧、便宜等因素受到火锅店、烧烤店的欢迎，在平阴县东阿镇小屯村，这种烧炭的职业仍在传承着，工艺也没有太大的改变，依然是人工在土窑中烧制。
烧木炭的技术，关键在火候的掌握上，“看火闭窑”要求的技术性很高：闭窑早了出生炭，闭窑晚了木炭化成灰。烧一窑炭约需7天。首先是装窑，将木柴竖立于窑坑，其间留有通火道，使窑火均匀燃烧。然后是封窑，用砖块将窑门垒死再糊上熟泥，先糊上一半等待窑火点燃后，看烟色再全部糊死。再是点火，从烧火口慢慢地烧火，使窑内的木材受热，将水分逼干蒸发掉。接着是烧窑，温度的控制十分重要，太高或太低都会导致烧出的木炭质量不好。要时刻观察烟眼里冒出的烟的颜色，浓烟，就得添加柴火；如果全部是青烟，就可以彻底封窑，将所有通气孔全部封死，让窑洞里灌满浓烟。这主要是熏烤那些还没有烧透的木柴，大约“焖”上4个昼夜，也就是说，这期间窑内没有明火，只有暗火。经过一周左右昼夜不断的熏烤，窑火会慢慢熄灭，待窑内温度逐渐降下来，便可以出窑了。而从装窑、封窑到出窑，整个过程大约为12天。
陈远智是一位烧炭人，从1996年开始学习烧炭，已经有10多年了，现在夫妻两人搭档烧炭。陈远智在这一行很有名气，因为技术好，所以为乡亲们称道。他介绍，烧炭的原材料都是砍伐的淘汰的果树、废弃木材和边角料。一个普通的木炭窑10多天可以熏烤出40多袋木炭，大约能赚到150多元钱，他们一共经营了3个这样的土制炭窑。前几年烧烤行业火爆，木炭的生意好做，近几年日渐冷落。“果树伐一棵少一棵，原材料进价一再涨，而用锯末、秸秆、木屑等原料制成的机制木炭也开始上市，对传统木炭的冲击特别大。”陈远智对这份职业的前景表示担心，周围的烧炭人越来越少了，许多人不干这个外出打工了，有的改行养鸡了。而自己的木炭窑能开到哪一天，他心里也没底。
Nowadays, charcoal is not very important in people’s life. However, it is still popular in hot pot restaurants and barbecue restaurants for its high resistance to burning and low price. In Xiaotun village, Dong’E town, Pingyin county, burning charcoal still exists as a job. There is no change in techniques―people burn charcoal in traditional kilns.
The key technique of burning charcoal is the temperature. To burn one kiln of charcoal takes seven days. The whole process requires about 12 days.
Chen Yuanzhi, a charcoal burner, has been learning burning charcoal from 1996 and now works with his wife. He is very famous in his village for his good skill. He explained that the raw materials of burning charcoal are non-productive fruit trees that have been cut down and wooden scraps. An ordinary kiln can make more than 40 bags of charcoal in ten days and these can earn 150 yuan. They operate three kilns. In previous years, barbecue was very popular, so the charcoal sold well. In recent years, the business is dull. “The number of the fruit trees is falling off. The charcoal made of sawdust, straw, and wood chips is also coming into the market, which has had a big impact on the traditional charcoal.” Chen Yuanzhi is worried about the prospects for this job and his charcoal kilns.