小组项目:取长补短好处多
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在外国，几个人一组完成一项作业的形式十分普遍，从中小学开始就有这种集体作业，而国内的学生一般到了大学才开始接触这种形式。小组项目讲求团队合作精神——各人在团队里扮演不同角色，分工合作，发挥各自所长。这种模式还可以让你加强人际沟通能力，对日后投身社会也大有裨益哦。
“Okay, class. Count off[报数] by fives.”
When your teacher gives you that instruction, you know what’s coming next. Sometimes, breaking into small groups lasts as long as the class does. Other times, it signals the start of a“group project”—which means you’ll be working with a few classmates for a day, several days, or even longer on an assignment[（课外）作业].
Ever wondered why this type of project is so popular in school? Or what you can do to make sure your group project is fair, fun, and successful? You want a good grade, right?
“好吧，同学们，每五个人报数。”
当老师发出这个指示，你就知道接下来要做什么了。有时候，分组学习只持续到上完课。但在其他时候，分组意味着“小组项目”的开始——也就是说和几个同学针对某项作业进行合作，可以是一天、几天甚至更长时间。
你想知道这种项目为何在学校如此受欢迎吗？怎样做才能确保你们的小组项目公平、有趣，并最终取得成功？你也想拿到好成绩，对吧？
Why Group Projects? 为何要开展小组项目？
Few of us act alone in the real world. Most things are done with the help or ideas of other people. Group projects are great practice for high school, college, and real life, when you will probably have a job that requires working with others. Right now, group projects can be fun and they often allow you to do a bigger, more interesting project than you could alone. With group work, you can actually learn more in less time.
Group projects also give you a chance to get to know kids you might not otherwise know or talk with—maybe the quiet kid in the third row, or the girl you’re sometimes scared to say “hi” to at recess[休息时间].
Group projects are also a great way to practice skills you’re not so sure of. For example: working on a deadline, staying organized, or being patient. And if you’re a little nervous talking in front of a group, a joint project can help you become more comfortable with it.
在现实世界里，没有多少人能够单打独斗，大多数事情都需要别人的帮助或意见才能完成。小组项目在高中和大学中都是很好的锻炼机会。在现实生活中也很有用，这时你的工作很可能需要和别人合作才能完成。而在现在这个阶段，小组项目可以很好玩，而且你可以通过这种方式完成规模更大、更有趣的项目，这是一个人无法做到的。参与小组项目，你其实可以在更短的时间里学到更多。
小组项目也让你可以认识在其他情况下不一定能认识或说上话的同学——也许是第三排那个不怎么说话的同学，又或是在课间你不敢和她打招呼的女同学。
小组项目还提供了很好的途径，让你锻炼自己不熟悉的技能，例如在限时内完成任务、保持条理性和耐心待人等。如果你在一组人面前讲话会感到有点紧张，合作项目能帮你更好地适应。
Getting Started 准备开始
One of the most important things about group work is talking and meeting together. It’s a good idea to continually check with everybody on their progress and to see if anyone needs help. Here are some other tips for making group work really work.
You might think the first step is figuring out who will do what, but actually it’s getting to know one another a little. Take a few minutes to chat. Even if you know each other well, it can help to take a minute to think about your skills and share your strengths and weaknesses. For instance, you might say, “I’m a good artist, if you want me to make the poster.” Or, “I’m not the greatest artist, but I’d like to get better at it—would anyone like to be my partner on the poster?”
The second step is to go over ground rules[基本规则] from your teacher and any that you want to create together as a group (for example, how the group will help people who are behind on their work). Will all of your meetings be in class? Do you need to plan time to work together outside of school? Now’s the time to talk about it.
开展小组项目最重要的一件事就是集中起来讨论。不断查看各人进度，看看谁需要帮助是不错的主意。以下是一些促进小组作业运作的小贴士。
你可能会认为第一步是分配任务，但事实上，相互了解才是首要工作。花上几分钟聊聊天。即使你们相互熟悉，花一分钟想想自己的技能，将自己的长短处告诉别人也是很有帮助的。例如，你可能会说：“如果你需要我制作海报的话，我美术不错。”或者“我的美术不是最强的，但我希望有所改进——有人想和我搭档做海报吗？”
第二步是把老师的基本原则以及你们想订立的规则过一遍（如小组要怎样帮助跟不上进度的人）。所有的集体会议都在校内进行吗？是否需要安排校外时间一起工作？是时候讨论这个问题了。
Focusing on Fairness 注重公平性
Figuring out individual jobs within the group is a really important part of the process[过程]. One of the most common pitfalls[缺陷] of group work is that someone may end up doing all the work if the rest of the team can’t quite get it together.
From the beginning, it’s important to divide the work fairly and evenly. If you feel like either you or another kid are doing too much, gently bring it up with the group. If nothing changes, you might want to talk with your teacher.
小组合作过程中的一个重要环节就是分工合作。小组项目最常见的一个问题就是，如果队员不能通力合作，所有的工作最终可能变成由某个人独力完成。
从一开始就公平合理地分配工作十分重要。如果你觉得自己或其他同学的任务过多，平静地向组员提出这个问题。如果情况没有改善，你就要考虑向老师反映了。
Holding Good Meetings 良好的讨论
One key to a good meeting is having a leader, who should help the group stay focused. It doesn’t have to be the same person every time. In fact, it’s better if it’s not. It’s a good idea to talk about how the work is going, and if anyone needs help.
What if you’re not the leader? Important roles to play during a meeting include:
The starter makes suggestions and offers ideas.
The asker asks members to share information or ideas on a topic.
The peacemaker looks at opposing views and finds something useful in each of them, helping people work out differences.
And try not to play any of these negative roles:
The non-participant[参与者] does not contribute and/or discourages the others.
“Captain Critical[批评的]” responds to other people’s ideas with criticism.
The dominator[统治者] interrupts and talks more than listens.
The clown distracts[转移] the group and keeps it from focusing on the work.
进行良好讨论的一个关键是选出一个组长，他/她应该让整个小组保持专注。每次的组长不一定是同一个人，其实最好不是同一个人。讨论工作进度、谁需要帮助都是不错的主意。
如果你不是组长，你应该怎样做呢？以下是小组会议中的各个重要角色：
发起人提出各种建议和想法。
发问者敦促组员就主题分享他们的信息和想法。
调解人关注相反的意见，并从各种意见中发掘有用信息，帮助团队解决分歧。
注意不要扮演以下负面角色：
没有贡献、给别人泼冷水的旁观者。
批评别人意见的“批评队长”。
打断别人、多说少听的专制者。
分散小组的注意力、使小组无法专心完成作业的“小丑”。
If Problems Arise 万一产生问题
Just as it takes work to complete your project, it also takes work to make a group successful. Maybe you can’t stand the way one group member always talks over other people[打断别人说话] or you’re sick of one of your group members being a non-participant. The best approach[方法] is to try to talk about the problems, in a nice way.
Bring your concerns up gently with the group as a whole. (It’s a bad idea to whisper to a few group members to try to get back-up[支持]. A good group requires honesty and everyone’s involvement[参与].) You might say, “Sara, it hurts my feelings when you interrupt me when I’m trying to say something.” Or, to someone who’s not doing his share of the work, “Jesse, what part of the research do you want to do?” If you can’t solve these problems on your own, talk to your teacher.
A word on parental involvement. It’s natural to ask your mom or dad for help on a big project. It’s fine if they give you advice and encouragement. But it’s not okay for them to do the actual work for you. A project is to help you learn by doing.
Usually, group projects end with a presentation[陈述] to the class. Then, the teacher gives your project a grade. If you cooperate and do your best, you just might be sharing an “A”!
完成项目需要努力，要令一个团队成功合作同样需要努力。你也许看不惯其中一名组员总爱抢话，又或者受不了某个组员事不关己的态度。最好的方法是试着好好讨论这些问题。
在全组人面前温和地提出你的担忧。（只悄悄说给几个组员听，希望拉拢他们是非常糟糕的想法。一个好的团队需要坦诚和每个人的参与。）你可以这样说：“莎拉，每当我想说话的时候你总是打断我，这让我不太好受。”对没有完成自己任务的人说：“杰西，关于这个调查，你希望做哪一部分的工作？”如果自己解决不了这些问题，去找老师谈谈吧。
提一下家长参与的问题。对于一个大项目，请爸爸妈妈帮忙很正常。他们给你提供意见和鼓励也没有问题，但让他们动手帮你做作业就不行了。小组项目就是为了让你在实践中学到东西。
小组项目的最后一步往往是在课堂上进行陈述，老师会进行评分。如果能全力以赴、通力合作，你们很可能都会拿到“优”哦！