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让灵感走进英语定语从句

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深入洞察定语从句,你就会发现很多的对付它的灵感。下面结合我的教学认识,做一下相关的点拨。

一、 概述

英语中,用来修饰、限制、说明句中某一名词、代词、名词或代词短语乃至整个句子的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面,被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词,它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接,这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词:that, which, who, whose, when, where, why)。先行词在定语从句中充当主语,宾语,时间,地点,原因状语等。

二、 结构:先行词+关系词+定语从句

(1) 先行词:被定语从句修饰的部分就叫先行词。先行词可以是一个词,一个短语,也可以是一个句子。定语从句一般要在先行词之后。

On the 20■ July 1969,Armstrong became the firsr huaman that walked on the moon.

Huaman 先行词

(2) 关系词:关系词用来指代复合句公用的先行词,它是为了避免重复,而使用相应的关系词来替代。先行词包括关系代词和关系副词两类。

1. 关系代词

关系代词包括:that, which, who, whom, as, 在从句中作主语,宾语或表语;作宾语时一般可省略;whose在从句中作定语。

There are reports that say Armstrong and Aldrin saw alien spacecraft when they were on the moon.

that 关系代词在句子中作从句的(主语)

下面的句子先行词和关系词分裂:

It is said that Armstrong sent a message to Misson Control which said that two huge, strange objects landed near them and were watching them.

关系代词which 不是直接放在先行词之后的,此处作(主语)。

2. 关系副词

先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时,并不都是用关系副词引导,而是要看关系词在从句中所作的成份。作状语时,用关系副词;作宾语时,仍然要用关系代词。关系副词包括:where,when,why 在从句中作状语。

a. This is the school?摇where I studied twenty years ago.

b. I thought ofthe time when I lived with mygrandma.

c. That′s the reason?摇why Iget angry.

关系代词和关系副词之间的互相转换。

定语从句中如果缺少主语、表语或宾语,用which/ that; 如果不缺句子的主干成分,则用when/where/ why.例如:

1) I’ll never forget the night when we saw the movie together in Beijing.(when =on which)。当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示时间的名词时,用when,在定语从句中充当时间状语。在口语中可以用that代替when,也可以用介词+which来代替when。

Peoplewill never forget the day when (=that / on which) Armstrong reached the moon.(when, that or on which 相当于on that day,在从句中作状语。)

2)当定语从句修饰表示地点的名词时,用where,在定语从句中充当地点状语从句。

MY father has bought a new house where I can read. (where= in which)

3) 当定语从句所修饰的词是表示原因的词,用why,在定语从句中作原因状语。

That′s the reason?摇why Iget angry. (why=for which)

三、 定语从句的分类

根据定语从句和所修饰的先行词的关系亲密程度可以分为:限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。

限定性定语从句:从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明,不可或缺,反之语义缺失,从句与先行词关系密切。

非限定性定语从句:对先行词进行补充说明,解释,它与先行词之间有逗号隔开,删除后对语义影响不大。

1. armstrong is the person who made people around the world realize that space exploration was truly possible.( 限定性定语从句)

2. Linda, whose father died in an accident in a sudden, cried loudly. (非限定性定语从句)

四、 关系代词的使用与省略

(1) 在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略;作宾语时在口语中可以省略。但是下列情况不能省略。

1) 使用“介词+关系代词”结构时,不可省略:介词不能放在的that前面,只能放在有关动词的后面。

2) 非限定性定语从句中,宾语和表语也不可省略:

James,as everyone knows, is the smartest.

(2) 只用that引导的定语从句

在定语从句中,which和that可用来指物。一般可以互换,但下列情况只能用that?摇引导。

1) 先行词前有 the only,the very,the last等词修饰时(当先行词是人时,可以用who ,whom引导)。

2) 先行词是不定代词all,few,little,much,none?摇everything, anything, nothing等词时。

3) 当先行词有only,any, one of,no, every等词修饰时。

4) 被修饰成分作表语或关系词本身作表语时。

5) 先行词被形容词最高级、被序数词修饰时。

6) 先行词为基数词时。

7) 以 which, who, what开头的问句时。

8) 先行词既有人又有物时。

(3) 只用which?摇引导的定语从句

1) 引导非限制性定语从句。

2) 使用“介词+关系代词”这一结构时。

3) 先行词本身是that 时,一般用which引导定语从句。

4) 当关系词后面有插入语时用which引导定语从句。

(4) 关系代词“ as ”的用法

as 引起定语从句时,可以放在主语前面;不可省略;多和?摇such, same连用。

a. As could be expected,hehelped us a lot.

b. Suchgood books as you want have been sold out.

c. we metthe same person as you did.

五、 定语从句和非谓语动词修饰语之间的代换

表达同一个意思时,我们可以用非谓语动词来进行替代定语从句。如:

1. The person who took Bruce to the stage when Bruce was only three years old was his father.

= The person taking Bruce to the stage when Bruce was only three years old was his father.

2. The subjects Einsten studied were maths and physics.

= The subjects studied by Einsten were maths and physics.

3. The paper that is being done is very difficult.

= The paper being done is very difficult.

修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外,还可以用非谓语动词形式,其结构和意思如下:

1. 被修饰名词+doing短语:?摇正在做……的人/正在发生的事。它表示被修饰词是动词的逻辑主语,该动作主动且进行。

2. 被修饰名词+ done短语:?摇被……的人/事它表示被修饰词是动词的逻辑主语,该动作被动和完成。

3. 被修饰名词+being done短语:正在被……的人/事它表示被修饰词是动词的逻辑主语,该动作被动和进行。

4. 被修饰名词+ to be done短语:将要被…..的人/事 它表示被修饰词是动词的逻辑主语,该动作被动和将来完成。

六、 定语从句中中的主谓一致

1. 关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。

Thereare reports that say Armstrong and Alrein saw alien spacecraft when they were on the moon.动词say和先行词reports保持一致。

2. 在one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中,复数名词是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词用复数形式。

Einstein was one of the greatest who in the 20■ century. 动词lived和先行词scientists保持一致。

3. 在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中,one 是先行词,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,其谓语动词用单数。

This is the only one of the most expensive houses that has ever been sold. 动词has和先行词one保持一致。

收获属于用心的观察者,相信,只要潜心体会,你会做得更好。