如何做好“单项选择”题

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“单项选择”题有两个特点:一是知识覆盖面广,重难点突出;二是注重考查考生的基础知识和基本技能｡有些学生往往由于基础知识学得不扎实,结果得分率很低｡为了帮助同学们做好这类题目,笔者以2005年部分地区的中考试题为例,归纳出以下几种常用的解题方法｡希望这些方法能对同学们在做此类题目时有所帮助｡

[方法一] 直接判定法｡根据自己掌握的一些基础知识和题干中所给的相关信息,直接从所给的候选项中选出正确答案｡

[考题再现]

① ―Paul, do you know the man standing at the door?

―Yes, he is one of__________friends.

A. I B. me C. my D. mine(吉林省)

② We find__________impossible to get there before 8 o’clock.

A. her B. it C. this D. that(甘肃省)

③ My cousin is very busy with his work, he has__________time to read newspapers.

A. a little B. a few C. little D. few(北京市)

[答案与简析] ① C｡根据人称代词的基本用法,只有形容词性物主代词 my 能作名词 friends 的前置定语｡② B｡分析句子结构后可知,空白处应填形式宾语,因为真正的宾语为后面的动词不定式短语｡四个选项中只有 it 能作形式宾语｡③ C｡根据 few, a few, little 和 a little 的基本用法和句子所含的否定意义,能修饰不可数名词 time 的只能是 little｡

[方法二] 分析比较法｡根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及所给语境进行分析比较,最后选定正确答案｡这种方法适用于考查动词时态､动词非谓语形式或同义词辨异之类的题目｡

[考题再现]

① After school we usually play__________basketball for half an hour on__________playground.

A. the; the B. ×; × C. ×; the D. the; ×(河北省)

② ―We have worked for a long time, so we__________a rest.

―Sound good!

A. stopped to have B. stopped having

C. stop having D. stop to have(安徽省)

③ They’ll go fishing if it__________next Sunday.

A. won’t rain B. isn’t going to rain

C. don’t rain D. doesn’t rain(宁波市)

④ We are often told at people in trouble.

A. not to smile B. to smile

C. not to laugh D. to laugh(天津市)

[答案与简析] ① C｡说“打篮球”､“打排球”和“踢足球”时, play 后面的 basketball, volleyball 和 football 前面没有冠词｡与主语 we 相关的 playground 在意义上属特指,所以其前应加定冠词 the｡② D｡根据具体的语境和 stop to do sth 与 stop doing sth 的基本含义,先排除B､C两项｡再从第一句的前句中用的是现在完成时,可确定答案为D｡③ D｡依照基本语法规则,主句中的谓语动词用了一般将来时, if 引导的条件状语从句中的谓语动词就应该用一般现在时表示将来时间｡④ C｡根据句意,先排除B､D两项｡另外,“取笑某人”应用“laugh at”表示, to laugh 的否定式为 not to laugh｡

[方法三] 前后照应法｡就是要求考生在答题前首先要弄清题干的真正意思,然后联系上下文,捕捉字里行间暗示的信息,从而确定正确答案｡

[考题再现]

① Most of my classmates don’t like to talk with their parents, but I am__________them. I love to talk with my parents.

A. the same as B. different from

C. pleased with D. interested in(太原市)

② It takes__________to go to Japan by air than by ship.

A. little time B. less time

C. more time D. much time(广州市)

③ ―This pink dress looks nice on you and it is only twenty yuan.

―OK,__________.

A. I’ll need it B. I’ll take it

C. It’s too expensive D. I’d like to sell it(武汉市)

④ ―Would you like some more rice?

―________. I’m full.

A. No, thanks B. Yes, thank you

C. I’d love to D. Yes, please(温州市)

[答案与简析] ① B｡分析前后的句意可知,“them”是指“我们班上的大多数同学”｡上文中说,班上大多数同学不喜欢与父母交谈;下文中说,“I”喜欢与父母交谈｡二者相比较,当然应该是“不同”｡因此,可以确定正确选项为B｡② B｡本句的意思是“坐飞机去日本要比坐船去日本花费的时间要少”｡二者进行比较,只有B才是正确答案｡③ B｡“looks nice”说的是“物美”;“twenty yuan”指的是“价廉”｡物美价廉的衣服顾客当然愿意买下｡因此,答案只能选B｡④ A｡从下文中的“I’m full”,说明当事人“已吃饱”｡如果有人再让吃“some more rice”,他谢绝对方好意,才是顺理成章的｡

[方法四] 逐个筛选法｡如果你不能一眼就能确定正确答案是哪一个,就可以把干扰项逐个排除,剩下的一个选项便是正确答案｡

[考题再现]

① Please show me the watch that you want__________.

A. it repaired B. to have repaired

C. to have it repaired D. to repair it(烟台市)

② The present__________my deskmate gave me__________more than 100 yuan.

A. that; spent B. who; took

C. which; cost D. ×; paid(烟台市)

③ ―You didn’t do your homework_________, Tom.

― I’m sorry, mum. But I haven’t got for such things.

A. careful enough; enough time

B. enough careful; time enough

C. carefully enough; enough time

D. enough carefully; enough time(滨州市)

[答案与简析] ① B｡句中 that 引导定语从句,并在从句中充当宾语,所以C､D两项中的 it 是多余的;定语从句的结构模式为“have sth done”,因此,也可以排除A项｡这样,剩下的B项便是正确答案｡② C｡根据定语从句的相关知识,第一个空白处不能填 who; spend, cost 和 pay表示“花费”时有不同用法, spend, pay 的主语应为“人”,只有 cost 的主语才是 present(礼品)｡③ C｡能修饰“do your homework”的只能是副词 carefully,不能是形容词 careful,因此可先排除A､B两项; enough 修饰副词或形容词时,应将其放在被修饰的词之后｡因此,又可以排除D项｡

[方法五] 联想回忆法｡如果你面对四个选项不知选哪一个,你可以冷静地展开联想､回忆｡想想本题是否与课本或你做过的题目有相似之处,再凭借自己对句子的理解与感悟去确定答案｡

[考题再现]

① Roses need special care__________they can live through winter.

A. because B. so that C. even if D. as(盐城市)

② ―Did you see Tom at the party?

―No, he__________by the time I got there.

A. left B. was leaving

C. had left D. has left(杭州市)

③ The students are all busy__________the exams.

A. getting ready for B. getting ready to

C. to get ready for D. to get ready to(重庆市)

④ ―What did he say?

―He asked me__________.

A. what is the young man’s telephone number

B. what the young man’s telephone number is

C. what was the young man’s telephone number

D. what the young man’s telephone number was(济南市)

[答案与简析] ① B｡本题考查“so that”引导的目的状语从句｡以前学过的课文中有“She decided to buy a digital camera online so that it could be sent to her”｡回忆上句,并根据题意可知答案为B,因为选项中只有 so that 能引导目的状语从句｡② C｡本题考查过去完成时的用法｡课本中“By the time I got there, it had already finished”一句可帮助你确定正确答案｡ ③ A｡本题主要考查“be busy doing sth”结构和短语 get ready for sth｡课本中有“I was so busy reading a novel that I forgot to look at the time”一句｡由此可以推断出,空白处应填 getting ready for｡④ D｡本题主要考查宾语从句的时态和语序问题｡引导宾语从句的连接词应位于句首,从句中主语在前,谓语在后,而且其谓语动词的时态应与主句谓语动词的时态相呼应｡

[方法六] 常识运用法｡做题时,我们可以根据日常生活常识和天文､地理､历史､物理､化学､数学等诸方面的常识来确定正确答案｡

[考题再现]

① People often call Australia“________”.

A. a country on a cow’s back

B. a country on a kangaroo’s back

C. a country on a sheep’s back

D. a country on a horse’s back(淮安市)

② Two mirrors are placed right angles(直角)to each other, and a clock is put in front of the mirror like the picture. The clock is placed facing the mirror like the picture. A person standing in front of the other mirror will see the time is___________.

A. 2∶35 B. 9∶25 C. 1l∶20 D. 5∶50(烟台市)

③ Which of the following signs means “No Bikes”?(长春市)

④ Look at the numbers, 2, 5, 11, 23, 47and 95. What will be the next number?

A. 191. B. 127. C. 158. D. 276.(青岛市)

[答案与简析] ① C｡澳大利亚全国共有约一亿三千万只羊,羊的数量是人的8.9倍,这个国家可以当之无愧地被称为“羊背上的国家”｡② B｡根据物理学中的光学知识,钟表在第一块镜子中成反像,9:25>2:35,在第二面镜子中同样成反像,2:35>9:25,所以经过两次成像后仍是9:25｡③ A｡在大街上和公路上走一走,看一看交通标识,便可以找出答案｡④ A｡这是一道智力题,我们通过观察可以发现,这组数字的每个数都是前一个数的2倍加1,所以95 × 2 + 1=191为正确答案｡