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牛津英语9AUnit4&5 Grammar 要点点清

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9A Unit4&5 grammar出现了很多重要的知识点,尤其是容易混淆的知识点。为了方便初三英语老师和学生,我结合近几年初三教学和中考中出现的这两个单元的语法要点,对这两个单元的语法知识点进行了梳理和总结。

9A Unit 4 Grammar

一、 between...and...和 from...to...的用法

1. between...and....在……和……之间

表示在两个时间点,人物或地点之间,不强调其延续性。(注意between是介词)

eg: Jim sits between her and me.?摇

2. from...to.... 从……到……表示时间,地点的起点到终点,强调时间的延续性。

eg: He studied in this school from 2002 to 2005.

We go to school from Monday to Friday

二、 Before ,after 和 until 的用法

1. before 用作连词或介词,在……之前,引导时间状语(名词,代词,动名词,从句等)表示这句动作发生在主句动作之后 。

eg: Wash your hands beore you have meals/ having meals.

Never forget to brush your teeth before you go to bed/ going to bed。

2. after 用作连词或介词,在……之后,引导时间状语(名词,代词,动名词,从句等)表示这句动作发生在主句动作之前。

eg: He went out to play after he finshed his homework./ finishing his homework

3. until 连词 直到…为止。用于肯定句,主句谓语动词是延续性的

eg: We walked until we got to the river.

not…until 直到……才……谓语动词用非延续性动词。

eg: He didn’t go to bed until his father came back from work.

注:until=till 但是till不可以放在句

三、 Use ‘while’ and ‘as’ to talk about when things happen

1. while 和as这两个连词都可引导时间状语从句,但用法有所不同。

1) 当某事正在进行的时候,又发生了另一件事。While, as 都可用来引导表示“背景”的时间状语从句。

eg: As/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.

2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候, 常用的是while.

eg:While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.

3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时,最常用的是as。

eg: As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.

4) 当两个短动作同时发生时, 最常用as.

eg: Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.

As the teacher came in, we all stopped talking.

注: while/ as位于句首时,用逗号分开这两分句

长动作:过去进行时?摇?摇?摇 短动作:一般过去时

长动作表示能够延续的动作,如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

短动作表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。 如open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。

2. 能力提升:

1) 若表示 “一边……一边……” ,“随着……” 的意思, 用 as.

eg. She sang as she went along.

她边走边唱。

Things are getting better and betteras time goes on.

随着时间的推移,情况越来越好。

2) while 可表示“然而”、“却”的意思(表示转折);但 as 则没有类似用法:

eg. He likes coffee,while she likes tea.

他喜欢咖啡,而她却喜欢茶。

3) while后可接现在分词、介词短语形容词等构成省略句,但as一般不这样用。

eg.While reading, he fell asleep.

他看书时睡着了。

While in trouble, ask her for help.

遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。

四、 副词的原级,比较级和最高级的用法

1. 副词的比较级和最高级的词形变化

2. 副词的原级,比较级和最高级的常用结构.

1) as+副词原级+as 意为“与……一样”,表示同级比较

eg: 她歌唱得像天使一样甜.?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇

She sings as sweetly as an angel.

他在测试中没有Mary做的好.

He doesn’t do so/as well in the test as Mary does.

2) 副词比较级+than?摇意为“比……更”, 表示两者之间的比较

eg: 本比他那个懒爸爸起床早.

Ben gets up earlier than his lazy father.

他们现在比以前过的更幸福.

?摇They now live more happily than before

3) 一个和三个及三个以上的比较级用法

比较级 + than + any other + 名词单数

比较级 + than + the other + 名词复数

eg. Tony is the tallest in our class.

Tony istaller than any other student /the other students in?摇 our class。

4) 副词比较级and 副词比较级, 意为“越来越……”

eg: 雨下得越来越大.?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇

?摇It rained more and more heavily.

你学习越来越努力了.?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇

?摇 You study harder and harder.

5) The+ 副词的比较级, the+副词的比较级, 意为“越…就越…”

eg:他打字打得越快, 他出的错就越多.

The faster he types, the more mistakes he will make.

6) (the+)副词的最高级+比较范围(三者或三者以上), 意为“最……”

eg:亨利是所有运动员中跳的最高的.

Henry jumps highest of all the players.

他在班上学习最用功.

He works hardest in his class.

注:常修饰比较级的词: much,far, a little, a bit, even,a lot等。

9A Unit 5?摇Grammar

一、 过去完成时

1. 过去完成时的概念与结构特点

1. 定义:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,

即“过去的过去( past-in-the-past )”。

----|---------|---------|-------->

过去的过去?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇 过去?摇?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 现在

2. 构成:

1) 肯定句:主语+助动词 had + 过去分词( v-ed)+其他。其中 had 通用于各种人称。

2) 否定句:主语+hadn’t(had not)+v-ed +其他

3) 一般疑问句:Had +主语+v-ed+其他?

4) 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+had+主语+ v-ed ?

eg: They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

Had you known anything about our school before you came here?

—Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.

二、 过去完成时的判断依据

1. 由“过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:

(1) 状语从句

before, after ,when 引导的句子中如:

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

(2) 宾语从句中

在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:

She said that she had seen the film before.

They explained what had happened.

2. 由时间状语来判定

一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:

(1) by + 过去的时间点。如:

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

(2) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如:

We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

三、 根据上、下文来判定

如: I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

He felt rather tired because he had worked for the whole night.

3. 过去完成时典型错误例析

1. 昨晚我们看了电影。

a. We had seen the film yesterday evening.

b. We saw the film yesterday evening.

析: 过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”,只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。如果时间只是一个单纯的过去时间,则句子只能用一般过去时,而不用过去完成时。故b对。

2. 当我到达那儿时,电影已经放了五分钟了。

a. The film has been on for five minutes when I got there.

b. The film had been on for five minutes when I got there.

析: 在过去某一时间或动作之前发生或完成了的动作,要用过去完成时。它的动作的起点为过去,终点也为过去,即“过去的过去”。而现在完成时的动作起点为过去,终点则为现在。故b对。

3. 到上学期末,他们已学会了五首英语歌曲。

a. By the end of last term, they have learned five English songs.

b. By the end of last term, they had learned five English songs.

析: by the end of last term 意为“到上学期末为止”,显然它是“以过去某一时间为终点的”,故只能用过去完成时态,不用现在完成时态。故b对。

4. 他昨天见到了Bill,他们已有两年没见面了。

a. He saw Bill yesterday. They haven’t met each other for two years.

b. He saw Bill yesterday. They hadn’t met each other for two years.

析:“他们没见面”是到“昨天”为止的(而不是到现在为止),是过去的过去,故后一个句子需使用过去完成时态进行表达。故b对。

5. 李梅很高兴,因为她期中考试及格了。

a. Li Mei was very glad, because she passed the mid-term exam.

b. Li Mei was very glad, because she had passed the mid-term exam.

析: 当我们表示某动作或存在的状态发生于过去某动作之前时,那么这个动作或状态要用过去完成时态。句中pass the mid-term exam 的动作是发生在过去动作was very glad 之前的,故pass 需用had passed表示。故b对。

二、 用‘should’, ‘ought to’, ‘had better’, ‘have to’, and ‘must’ 提建议

1. should与 ought to

用should/ought to 可以表示“劝说”或“督促”, 和must 一样, 但三者语气强弱不同。

用ought to则语气上不那么坚定。

用should 语气比较肯定一些,说话人的主观信心要强烈一些。

用must则在语气上最强烈。

2. must 与have to

must表示“必须”,侧重于说话人的主观意志。

have to 表示“必须”,侧重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。

eg: He must say it in English. (I want him to do.)

He has to say it in English. (Because he doesn’t know Chinese.)

3. had better (常缩写为’d better) ,是一固定词组,表示“最好”,用于表示对别人的劝告、建议或表示一种愿望。

had better 后面加动词原形,即 had better do sth.。不论主语是第几人称,句子无论是何种时态,had better的形式不变。有时简略地说成“better do sth.”。

eg:You’d better put on the coat. It’s cold outside.

had better 的否定形式为had better not do sth. 表示“最好不要做……”。

eg: You’d better not play on the road. It’s dangerous.

反意疑问句:

You had better get there on time tomorrow, ?(答案:hadn’t you ?)

You had better not play on the road, _________? ( 答案: had you ?)

三、 用 ‘why not’, ‘why don’t you’and ‘perhaps’提建议

Why not...?/Why don’t you...?

这两种句型结构常用于说话人向对方提出一个建议,意思是“为什么不……?”;“你为什么不……?”Why not...?/ Why don’t you...? 后面必须跟动词原形。

eg: Why not go swimming?=Why don’t you go swimming?

Why don’t you go out for a walk? =Why not go out for a walk?

请试做以下几道中考选择题:

1.?摇____ they were having supper ,the telephone rang.(2010· 淮安)

A. As B. While

C. When D. A and B

2.?摇Would you please say it ______? I still can’t follow you.(2011· 湖北)

A. slowly B. more sowly

C. more loudly D. loudly

3. My mother was ill, I ______ stay at home to look after her.(2009·泰州)?摇?摇

A. must B. have to

C. could D. can

4. —____ go shopping with your father? (2011·江西)

— That’s a good idea.?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇?摇

A. Why don’t B. Why not

C. Do D. Does

5. You ___ give up smoking.(2012·湖北黄冈)

A. would better B. had better?摇?摇?摇

C. would better to D. had better to

6. Why don’t you climbing with us tomorrow?(2011·无锡)

A. to go B. going

C. go D. goes

7. It’s too hot. Perhaps you ______ swimming this afternoon.(2010·济南)

A. must?摇go B. should go

C. have to go D. can go

8. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I the dinner already.(2011·广州)

A. had cooked B. cooked

C. have cooked D. was cooked

9. Mary was dancing Peter was playing the piano.(2012·辽宁)

A. when B.while

C. as D. B and C

10. I won’t go to bed my mother comes back.(2010·徐州)

A. while B. after

C. when D. until

( 答案: 1.D 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.B 10.D )

请试做以下几道中考填空题:

1. She sang even (bad) than usual.(2010·浙江玉溪)

2. Mother asked her son to walk a bit (fast).(2012·天津)

3. Of all the novels I like this one (well).(2011·江西)

4. Who do you think can jump (high) in your class.(2011· 常州)

5. Wash your hands before_______( have) meals.(2012·泰州)

6. He sits between (she)and (I).(2011·连云港)

(答案:1. worse 2. faster 3. best 4. (the) highest 5. having 6. her;me)