后危机时代“金融消费者”的法律界定与立法建议

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摘要：后危机时代，发达国家都通过修改现行的法律加强对金融消费者的保护，“金融消费者”的概念已成为了世界各国的共识。而我国关于“金融消费者”的概念在法学界一直存在争议，法律上更未明确其定义，导致现实中金融消费者的权益受到侵害时无法得到法律的有效保护。在混业经营的大金融背景下，金融商品与服务的综合化使得证券投资者、存款人、保险人的身份具有了共同的性质，将存款人、保险人与证券投资者依据金融领域进行划分，以不同的立法对其进行保护已失去了实际的意义。因此，应借鉴发达国家对“金融消费者”的法律界定，结合我国实际，确定“金融消费者”法律概念，制定《金融消费者权益保护法》专门法，以有效保护金融消费者权益。

关键词：金融消费者；消费者权益保护；混业经营；分业经营；金融产品与服务；金融投资者

中图分类号：DF438；F832.0 文献标志码：A 文章编号：16748131（2012）04009507

Legal Definition of a “Financial Consumer” inPostcrisis Era and Its Legislation Suggestion

LI Jinrong

（School of Economics and Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing 401120, China）

Abstract: Under the postcrisis era, developed countries through modifying existing laws strengthen the protection of financial consumers and the concept of a “financial consumer” has become the consensus of all countries, however, the concept of a “financial consumer” has been in dispute in legal field in China, the laws of China do not obviously define the concept, which result in ineffective protection of a financial consumer by laws when his or her rights are violated in reality. Under the big background of mixed financial operation, the syntheses of financial products and service make the securities investors, the identity of the depositor or the insured persons have a common nature and the depositors, insurers and securities investors are divided based on the simple division of the financial sector, and so the protection of the financial consumer by different legislations has lost its practical significance. Thus, the legal definition of the financial consumer should be learned from developed countries, legal concept of the “financial consumer” should be determined based on China’s reality, and Financial Consumer Right Protection Law should be issued to effectively protect the rights of financial consumers. 

Key words: financial consumer; consumer right protection; mixed business; operation by division of section; financial products and service; financial investor 

一、引言

后危机时代，各发达国家大力进行金融法改革，强化金融消费者保护的理念，将完善的金融消费者保护体系作为维护金融安全与金融稳定、提升金融业国际竞争力的重要保障。比如：美国政府于2010年通过《2010年华尔街改革与消费者保护法案》；英国2010年4月成立“消费者金融教育局”，并从2010年7月开始实行《金融服务法案2010》。相比之下，在金融混业经营的背景下，我国消费者在接受综合金融服务与产品的过程中，渐渐地由以往的投资者、客户与投保人转变成为统一的金融消费者，但是目前“金融消费者”在法律上还没有得到确定，传统理论与“金融消费者”的概念存在冲突，学界的分歧客观存在。同时金融服务纠纷日益增多且难以解决，已经严重束缚着金融业的健康发展，“金融消费者”的定义已成为金融法研究所不能回避的前沿课题（郭丹，2010a）。鉴于此，我国需要在借鉴发达国家经验的基础上明确本土“金融消费者”的法律界定，以推进金融消费者保护立法的进程与构建金融消费者保护体系，确保我国“十二五”规划保护消费者权益目标的实现。