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主谓一致是指句中谓语动词的形式和主语在人称和数上的一致。要保持主语和谓语之间的一致,应遵循以下三个“主谓一致”原则:
一、“语法一致”原则,即谓语同主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:
He is from Beijing. 他是北京人。
We are sure he will come. 我们肯定他会来的。
A lot of books are missing. 许多书都丢失了。
二、“意义一致”原则,即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于主语表达的单复数意义,而不是取决于语法标记。例如:
My family are well. 我的家人很好。
Both father and mother agree about it. 爸爸妈妈都同意做这件事。
三、“邻近一致”原则,即谓语动词的形式与其紧邻的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:
There is a pen and some books on the desk. 课桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。
主谓一致的例证很多,且较复杂。下面具体列举一些常见的类型。
一、在一般情况下,主语是第三人称单数和单个的不可数名词、抽象名词、动词不定式或动名词时,谓语动词应为第三人称单数形式。例如:
He often plays football on the playground. 他经常在操场踢足球。
Doing morning exercises is good for your health. 做早操对你的健康有好处。
To swim in the river is dangerous. 在河里游泳危险。
二、主语是trousers,shoes,glasses等复数名词时,谓语动词应为复数形式。但有些充当主语的名词是以“s”结尾,形同复数形式,如maths,physics,news,politics等,实际上并不含复数意义。这时,谓语动词应为单数形式。例如:
Maths is my hardest subject. 数学是我最难学的课程。
There’s some good news in today’s newspaper. 今天报纸上有些好消息。
三、family,team,people,class,police等集合名词作主语时,如果将其作整体看待,谓语动词要用单数形式;如果强调的是各个成员,则谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
My family is a small one. 我家是个小家庭。
His class are playing football on the playground. 他班的学生正在操场踢足球。
四、用and连接两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词的形式依照下列原则处理:
1. 两个单数名词不是指同一个人或事物时,谓语动词要用复数形式。例如:
Tom and Lily are all clever. 汤姆和莉丽都聪明。
2. 两个单数名词合起来指同一人或事物时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
The teacher and writer is my friend. 这位老师兼作家是我的朋友。 (and后面的名词前无冠词修饰)
3. 两个名词前分别有each,every,no等词修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
Every boy and every girl has a new dictionary. 每个男生和女生都有一本新词典。
五、由either ... or ...,neither ... nor ...,not ... but ...,not only ... but also ... 连接两个主语时,谓语动词的形式要和与它靠近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如:
Either you or he is going to have a meeting. 要么你要么他要去开个会。
Not only the students but also the teacher has gone to the Great Wall. 不仅学生去了长城,老师也去了。
处理there be句型中的主谓语一致时,也应依据上文所说的“邻近一致”原则。例如:
There are some flowers,three pencils and two books on the table. 桌子上有些花,三支铅笔和两本书。
There is an orange,five pears and nine cakes on the desk. 桌子上有一个橘子,五个梨和九块蛋糕。
六、主语带有由with,as well as,except,more than等引起的短语时,谓语动词的形式要根据前面的主语的人称和数而定。例如:
He with his parents is going to visit Mount Tai next week. 下星期他和父母要去游泰山。
His sister as well as his classmates is doing her homework now. 现在他妹妹和班上的同学一样,正在做作业。
七、不定代词作句子的主语时,谓语动词的形式有以下几种情况:
1. somebody,nobody,everybody,anybody,something,nothing,anything,each,one,neither,either,the other作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
Each of us has a Mid-autumn Festival. 我们每个人都过中秋节。
Neither of his parents likes hot dogs. 他爸妈都不喜欢吃热狗。
Somebody is following me. 有人在跟踪我。
2. 不定代词表达的意思是单数意义时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如:
Some of the milk isn’t delicious. 有的牛奶不好喝。
All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光的东西并不都是金子。
3. 不定代词表达的意思是复数意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
All agree with his suggestion except one. 除一人之外,都同意他提出的建议。
八、以here,there开头的句子,谓语动词的形式要与动词后面的“真正主语”保持一致。例如:
Here are the others. 这是另外的(东西)。
There comes a bus. 公共汽车来了。
九、其他应该注意的情况。
1. 主语是“the + 形容词”,表示一类人,如the old,the blind,the sick等,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
The old are to be taken care of. 老年人需要照顾。
2. 单、复数相同的名词作主语时,如Chinese,fish,sheep,deer,works,谓语动词要视具体情况而定。例如:
The fish were swimming in the river when a crocodile came to catch them. 鱼正在河里游,突然一只鳄鱼出来吞食它们。
The Chinese are a hard-working people. 中国人民是勤劳的人民。
3. 在表达“加减乘除”运算中,谓语动词常用单数形式。例如:
Six times two is twelve. 六乘以二是十二。
4. “a number of + 名词的复数形式”表示复数概念,是“许多……”的意思,谓语动词要用复数形式。 “the number of + 名词的复数形式”意为“……的数目”,是单数概念,谓语动词要用单数形式。例如:
A number of people like fast food very much. 一些很喜欢吃快餐。
The number of teachers is ninty-eight in Zhongshan Middle School. 中山中学有98位老师。