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诚信:企业的决胜之道

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目前的山东正面临一个“尴尬”:一向有着“诚信为本”优良传统的山东人在国内外享有良好的口碑;另一方面,在经济交往中,各种假冒伪劣等失信现象也屡见不鲜。经济领域的不讲诚信已经初现恶果,《经济日报》的新经济实力排名把山东放在了第9位,这明显低于山东的现实实力,其主要原因之一就是经济交往中的失信影响了综合经济的发展。要改变这种状况,首先要建设诚信山东。

信用建设恰逢其时

山东省工商局副局长王天仁对诚信问题有着深刻的认识。 他说,现在人们买东西往往要先问一问“是不是真的”,因为假的东西太多了。合同违约和欺诈也屡见不鲜,据统计,目前的合同履约率不足60%。由于彼此缺乏信任,目前私营企业70%的交易为一手交钱一手交货的现货交易,导致市场交易方式倒退,影响市场经济的发展与完善。

加入世贸组织为中国的企业提出了诚信方面的要求。在与国外客商打交道时能不能讲诚信,不仅直接关系到合作成败,还涉及一个民族形象的问题。国外客商寻找合作伙伴,诚信是一个重要条件,信用已成为投资软环境的首要因素。

著名经济学家盛洪认为,山东的诚信建设应该是复兴而不是启蒙。山东作为孔孟之乡是相当幸运的,因为儒家文化的一些精神是符合时展特别是市场经济发展趋势的,其中一个重要内容就是诚信。孔子说,“人而无信,不知其可也”,这些儒家主张至今仍有重要的现实意义。盛洪说,这种文化的挖掘和推广是个大工程。市场经济的参与者们在不断的经济活动中会发现,合作比不合作、诚信比不诚信获得的更多,所以市场经济的发展结果是诚信者胜。但在实际生活中,这个过程可能是相当漫长的。这就需要一种文化的积累,若干代人积累的经验是合作优于不合作、诚信优于不诚信,那么它就可以作为一种文化流传下来,通过教育使下一代人接受这种观念。

建立信用体系迫在眉睫

如何把山东的诚信文化优势利用好,山东的一批以诚信为经营理念的企业已作出了一个很好的答案。海尔所以能成为一个世界品牌,靠的是其过硬的产品质量和“真诚到永远”的诚信思想,海尔产品近年来保持零投诉不是偶然的,正是体现了这种企业文化的力量。

事实上,几个人或几家企业讲诚信是不可能建成诚信社会的。打造诚信,一个重要保障是建立信用制度,它包括信用记录、信用公示、信用奖惩和社会信用资源的整合共享。在信用建设比较好的国家,人们不敢轻易挑战信用的一个重要原因,是他们的信用制度极为严密,他们不愿意为失信付出几倍甚至一生的代价。而中国目前缺少一个健全的信用制度。

建立信用制度首先要有信用信息,但目前的企业信用资源分散在社会各处,几乎不能发挥作用。一些企业的注册登记、年度检验信息和诚信守法、违法违规等方面的信用信息分散在不同的主管单位,由于信息不能整合,人们无法全面了解企业的信用信息。

长期以来,由于信息的不透明,一些不法分子在一个地方做了坏事被查处,可以跑到另一个地方继续去坑蒙拐骗,使违法者的成本和风险变得太小。按照有关法律,公司被吊销执照、企业法人被判刑或因法人经营不善导致企业破产的,该企业法定代表人在3年内不能再担任新的企业法定代表人。但因为没有相关信息披露渠道,这一条文的实施有很大的难度。

在不同的政府部门信息交流尚不畅通的前提下, 加强中介机构建设是信用信息来源的重要途径。像穆迪、标准普尔、登百事等知名的跨国公司,都是信用调查和评估中介机构,这些中介机构被业主们称为“防止跌倒的手杖”,在帮助企业了解合作对象的真实情况、减小投资风险等方面起到了非常重要的作用。目前,中国的类似机构才刚刚起步,而山东还没有专业的信用中介机构。

山东省工商系统的信用信息整合工作已迈出了第一步。据了解,山东工商行政管理系统正在建设企业信用管理服务平台,以期把工商系统内部目前已掌握的企业信用信息整合起来,并实现全省联网,该系统可望在年内建成。

但这仅靠工商系统是不够的,还必须把金融、公安、法院、税务等部门所掌握的企业信息全部整合起来,建成一个巨大的信息资源库。信息库建好了,才有可能进一步实现信息公示和奖惩,并为企业和社会提供相应的信用资料。

让信用建设有法可依

当然,不管是官方的信用信息还是中介机构的信息,都要有相应法律法规做保障。公布企业黑名单涉及不涉及商业机密?算不算侵权?这些都要有明确的法律保障。所以,诚信建设要有法律做支持。例如,老百姓对注水肉深恶痛绝,但长期以来没有关于注水肉的国家标准,除非现场抓到,否则执法者很难惩处那些注水者。据透露,检测注水肉的国家标准即将颁布,这无疑是对违反市场道德者的有力打击。

在2004年1月8日召开的山东省十届人大二次会议上,山东省省长韩寓群在政府工作报告中把建设“诚信山东”作为一个专门问题提出来,并且比较具体地描述了信用建设的途径。 韩寓群省长在报告中说,建设诚信山东首要任务是建立以依法行政和取信于民、服务社会为主要内容的政府信用系统,同时加快建设以信用征信、信用评价、信用自律和失信惩戒为主要内容的企业信用系统,以数据收集、使用和披露为主要内容的个人信用系统,发展以信用咨询、信用评价、信用担保为主要内容的社会信用服务系统,努力形成以道德为支撑、产权为基础、法律为保障的社会信用制度,营造市场公平竞争、各界守法经营、居民放心消费、客商乐于投资的良好环境,塑造诚信山东的良好形象。可以预见,建设诚信山东已经不是一个细枝末节问题,而成为一个经济大省市场经济体系建设的重要部分。

Mr. Wang Tianren, Vice Director of the Provincial Administration of Industry and Commerce of Shandong, has a deep understanding about honesty. He says, nowadays, when people go shopping, they always ask whether the commodities are “real ones,” since there are too many counterfeit and shoddy products in the markets. In addition, the behaviors of contract-breaking and cheating are very common. Statistics reveal that nowadays somewhat less than 60% of signed contracts can be executed. At present, about 70% of transactions between private enterprises are dealt with in cash, since they do not believe in each other’s credit. This kind of primitive business approach, undoubtedly hinders development of the market economy.

However, China’s accession to the WTO produces requirements concerning the credit of Chinese enterprises. When dealing with foreign traders, honesty is not only a key factor for the business, but also an illumination of the image of the Chinese nation. Honesty is always regarded as an important condition for foreign enterprises to seek cooperative partners in China; for, as the Americans are fond of saying, “Honesty is the best policy.” Credit, therefore, has become the most important factor for establishing a proper investment environment.

A group of Shandong-based enterprises have done very well in terms of honesty. Take Haier, which has now become a world famous brand, as an instance. Behind Haier’s successful operation worldwide is its excellent product quality and honest business tenet: “Sincere forever.” In recent years, it is the conscientious practice of these two principles that has rendered Haier’s products free of consumer complaints.

On the other hand, an honest society cannot be constituted only by several persons or a few enterprises. To establish an honest society, a credit system comprising accurate credit records, credit declaration, credit rewards and punishments, and comprehensive utilization of social credit resources is a must. In countries where the system of credit is highly developed, the reason why people dare not challenge the credit of others is that in these countries there are perfect credit systems, which make people unwilling to breach promises at the cost of losing a lifetime of good credit and good will. In China, the pity is that, to date, we have not developed a sound credit system.

Under these circumstances, the establishment of credit information agencies is very important. Some famous multinational companies, such as Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., and Standard & Poor’s, are professional agencies engaged in credit investigation and evaluation. They are referred to by their customers as the “walking stick needed to avoid falling” and play an important role in evaluating information concerning their business partners and customers, thus greatly reducing the investment venture or “risk.” However, similar reliable agencies cannot be found in China. In Shandong, there is not even one professional agency engaged in credit investigation.

At present, the Provincial Administration of Industry and Commerce of Shandong is constructing a platform to integrate credit information relating to enterprises in Shandong Province. Before the end of 2004, it is anticipated that the system will be put into operation.