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定语从句一直是学生在学习英语时的重点和难点,而学生对as引导的定语从句与其他相似的从句更容易混淆,现就它们作一简单的归纳与辨析。
一、as引导限制性定语从句
关系代词as 可以引导限制性定语从句,在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语,但as只用在“the same…as…”“such … as…”“ so…as…”和“as…as…”结构中。例如:
I’d like to use the same recorder as is used in class. (as 在从句中作主语)
He is such a man as is always ready to help others.(as在从句中作主语)
I am not so strong a man as I was.(as 在从句中作表语)
She will marry as rich a man as she can find.(as 在从句中作宾语)
辨析1. 当先行词被the same 修饰时用 as 与that引导定语从句的比较
as引导的定语从句表示 “相似”意义,即主句与从句所讲的是同类的人或事物,而that引导的定语从句表示“同一”意义,即主句与从句所讲的是同一个人或事物。例如:
She wore the same (= the same kind of) dress as her younger sister wore. (她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。)
She wore the same ( = the very ) dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding. (她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。)
辨析2. “such / so… as …” 与 “such / so…that …” 结构的比较
在“such / so… as …” 结构中,as 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语、宾语或表语,而在“such / so…that …”结构中,that 引导结果状语从句并在从句中不作任何成分。例如:
His plan was such a good one that we all agreed to accept it.(that不作任何成分)
His plan was such a good one as we all agreed to accept. (as作accept的宾语)
He is so good a teacher as we all respect. (as作respect宾语)
He is so good a teacher that we all respect him. (that不作任何成分)
二、 as引导非限制性定语从句
辨析3. 引导非限制性定语从句的as与 which 的比较
关系代词as与which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中可作主语或宾语,区别如下:
(1)指代不同。as 一般不代替某个具体的名词或代词,而是代表整个主句或主句的一部分,而which 既可以代替某个具体的名词或代词,又可以代表整个主句或主句的一部分。例如:
Diaoyu Island belongs to China ,as / which is known to all.( as / which 代替整个主句 )
Anyway, that evening , which I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Richard’s place. ( which 代替先行词that evening, 不可用 as)
(2)位置不同。as 引导的非限制性定语从句可放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,有时还可以放在主句的中间,而which引导的非限制性定语从句不能放在句首。例如:
As can be seen ,oceans cover more than 70% of the earth . (不可用which)
The teacher is from Shanghai , as / which they know from her accent.
(3)意义不同。as 引导的非限制性定语从句意义与主句的意义一致,从句内容是意料之中或合情合理的,as常译为“正如……”“像……”等,而非限制性定语从句的意义与主句的意义不一致或者从句为否定意义时只能用which,which常译为“这一点”“这件事”等。例如:
He got married again , as / which was expected. (他又结婚了,这是意料之中的事。)
He got married again , which was unexpected. (他又结婚了,这是出乎意料的事。不可用 as)
(4)as 与which 的互换。当非限制性定语从句的意义与主句意义一致时,若关系代词在从句中做宾语,as 与which 可以互换,若关系代词在从句中做主语,从句谓语中有系动词时as 与which 可以互换,但从句谓语中没有系动词时只用which。例如:
The teacher is from Beijing, as / which they know from his accent .
He failed in the exam , as / which was expected .
Tom made rapid progress ,which delighted us . (不可用as)
(5)as引导的非限制性定语从句谓语动词含有be或者是被动语态时,形成了不少固定说法。例如:
as we all know 正如我们都知道的那样。
as you know 正如你知道的那样。
as everybody knows正如每个人知道的那样。
as we all can see 正如我们都能看到的那样。
as anybody can see 正如任何人能够看到的那样。
as is mentioned above正如上面提到的那样。
as often happens 正如经常发生的那样。
as is often the case 正如经常的情况一样。
as has been said before 如上所述。
as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样。
as is well known 众所周知。
as is known to all /everybody正如大家知道的那样。
as was expected 正如预料的那样。
as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样。
as has been reported in the newspaper 正如报纸上所报道的那样。