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语言学中的主语与主位

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摘 要:传统语法中没有主位的概念,只有主语的概念。主语被认为是小句的核心,是信息的出发点,是理解整句话的关键。在做语法

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I (主位,主语)stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you (主语) have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I (主位,主语) thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he (主语) has shown throughout this transition.

Forty-four Americans (主位,主语) have now taken the presidential oath. The words (主位,主语) have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, (主位,状语) every so often the oath (主语) is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments(主位,状语), America (主语) has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We(主语) the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.

So(主位,补语) it (主语) has been. So(主位,补语) it (主语) must be with this generation of Americans.

That we(主语) are in the midst of crisis(主位,小句) is now well understood. Our nation(主位,主语) is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy (主位,主语) is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes(主位,主语) have been lost; jobs(主位,主语) shed; businesses(主位,主语) shuttered. Our health care(主位,主语) is too costly; our schools (主位,主语)fail too many; and each day(主位,主语) brings further evidence that the ways we (主语) use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.

These (主位,主语) are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound(主位,主语) is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear that America's decline(主语) is inevitable, that the next generation(主语) must lower its sights.

Today (主位,状语) I (主语) say to you that the challenges we(主语) face are real. They (主位,主语) are serious and they (主语) are many. They (主位,状语) will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America(主语) -- they(主语) will be met.

On this day (主位,状语) , we(主语) gather because we(主语) have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.

On this day (主位,状语) , we(主语) come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that(主语) for far too long have strangled our politics.

We (主位,主语) remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time(主语) has come to set aside childish things. The time (主位,主语) has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea(主语), passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise(主语) that all (主语) are equal, all(主语) are free, and all (主语) deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation (主位,状语) , we (主语) understand that greatness is never a given. It (主位,主语) must be earned. Our journey (主位,主语) has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It (主位,主语) has not been the path for the faint-hearted -- for those who(主语) prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it (主位,主语) has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things -- some celebrated but more often men and women(主语) obscure in their labor, who(主语) have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

下面把他们放在统计表中看:

主位 主位 主位 主位 主位

句子成分 主语 补语 状语 小句 主语

频数 20 2 7 1 30

由上述表格可以看出,在英语语篇中,由于讲话习惯和思路等的影响,主位通常都由主语来承担,而且由主语承担的主位占据总数的三分之二。所以说由主语承担的主位被称为无标记主位,而主语并不总是主位,从表中我们可以看出,有超过一半的主语没有承担主位的功能。而由其它成分承担的主位叫做带有标记的主位。这其中相对最为常见的是状语,占所有标记主位的十分之七。其中最为少见的就是补语和小句做主位,同时,也显示出他们不同寻常的对比效果,容易造成强烈的修辞效果。而主语并不总是主位,从表中我们可以看出,有超过一半的主语没有承担主位的功能。

4. 结论

由上述分析我们可以看出,主语与主位既有一定的联系,又存在着很大的差别。如果主语位于句首,那么主语就是主位,但是如果主语位于句中其他位置时,主语就不再是主位,而是充当述位的一部分。即主语与主位的交叠重合条件是当且仅当主语位于句首时。而这时候充当主位的主语是无标记主位。对主语与主位的区分,有助于同学们更清楚地理解系统功能语法与传统语法的区别,更有利于加深我们对语言本质的认识,从而在学习中不会混淆概念,指导写作等;在生活讲话中也有一定的指导意义。

参考文献:

[1] Fromkin, Victoria, Rodman, Hyams, 2007, An Introduction to Language, Thomson Wadsworth/ Peking University Press, 2007

[2]Geoff Thompson, 2000, Introducing Function Grammar, London: Arnold. /FLTRP, 2008

[3] Halliday. 1994, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Arnold. /FLTRP, 2000

[4]胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994.

[5]黄国文. 语篇分析概要 [M ]. 长沙:湖南教育出版社,1988.

[6]徐盛桓. 再论主位与述位 [J]. 外语教学与研究, 1985 (4).

[7]马铁川. 主语与主位关系的探究[J]. 林区教学. 2009 (9).

[8]Obama就职演说全文. http:///main.asp?url=/u14609833/d84111768.htm.

作者简介:樊晓培(1985.12-),女,河南省郑州市人,现任职于郑州大学西亚斯国际学院外语学院,助教,专业为外国语言学及应用语言学。