巧用功能辨“两完”
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英语时态的运用常常令很多学生感到头疼，尤其是在面临现在完成进行时与现在完成时的选择时。其实，只要明了这两种时态的功能与它们之间的区别，我们就能作出正确的判断。
一、现在完成进行时的功能
1. 现在完成进行时表示的是从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。例如：
Since she left home, I haven’t been sleeping well at all. 自从她离开家，我一直睡得很不好。
2. 表示动作刚刚结束（有时指出结果）
I’ve just been waving good-bye to her.
He is dead drunk. He has been drinking with his friends.
3. 表示某种感彩
Who’s been telling you such nonsense?
4. 表示某种企图或尝试
He has been telling me.（He has tried to tell me.） 他一直想告诉我。
5. 表示一个过去的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果（相当于现在完成时）
He has been doing too much work. 他做的工作太多了。（现在病倒了）
Who’s been insulting you? 谁欺负你了？（对方可能在哭）
6. 表示重复（指断断续续，而非一直不停）
I have been bidding goodbye to some friends today. 我今天同好几个朋友告了别。
We’ve all along been making mistakes like this. 我们一直犯这样的错误。
二、现在完成时的功能
1. 表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或导致的结果，着眼点在现在。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如：yet, just, before, recently, once, lately等；也同表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, twice, on several occasions等；也同包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如：now, today, this morning, this month, this year等；但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用（in 1993, last year等）。例如：
I haven’t finished reading the book yet, so I can’t return it to the library.
We’ve had too much rain this year.
2. 表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作，常同表示一段时间的状语连用，如：so far, up to now, since, for a long time, up till now, up to present, for the past (last) few years, these days(weeks, months, years)等。例如：
He has worked here for over twenty years.
Up to now, we have received no news from her.
三、现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
1. 现在完成时强调的是某个刚刚完成的动作，或某个过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，也可表示延续性；现在完成进行时则强调动作的延续，有时含有临时性质。例如：
①I have thought it over. 我已经考虑过这件事了。
I have been thinking it over. 我一直在考虑这件事。
②She has put coal on the fire. 她已经在炉子上加了煤。（这件事已结束）
She has been putting coal on the fire. 她刚才在炉子上加煤。（一直在做这件事）
③Be careful! Jim has been painting the door. (油漆未干)
Jim has painted the door. (油漆可能已干)
④Her father has taught maths for ten years. (是否延续下去，视上下文而定)
Her father has been teaching maths for ten years. (并将延续下去)
2. 现在完成进行时可以表示动作的重复，现在完成时一般没有这个功能，但同always, often等连用时有时也表示动作的重复。例如：
Have you been meeting him recently? (经常约会吗？)
Have you met him recently? (最近见到他了吗？)
3. 现在完成进行时有时含有感彩，而现在完成时一般平铺直叙，但偶尔也带有感彩。例如：
①What have you been doing? (惊异)
What have you done? (仅是一个问题，让对方回答，也可表示惊异)
②I have been wanting to hear from you for long. (亲切，礼貌)
③Henry has been doing his work regularly. (表扬)
④Who’s been eating my oranges?(不满，已吃光)
Who’s eaten my oranges? (未吃光)
⑤I have been waiting for you for two hours.(口语化，可能不耐烦)
4. 在否定结构中，现在完成进行时否定状语，而现在完成时则否定谓语动词。例如：
She hasn’t been speaking since nine o’clock. 她不是从9点钟开始讲话的。
She hasn’t spoken since nine o’clock. 从9点起她一言未发。
5. 有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。（即不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时）
状态动词：be, have, exist
情感动词：like, love, hate, detest
感觉动词：see, hear, know, feel, sound
短暂动作的动词：finish, marry, get up, come, go等
①They have finished the work. 他们已完成了工作。
②The foreign expert has been in China since 1990. 从1990年开始，这个外国专家就一直待在中国。
③They have been married for 20 years. 他们结婚已经20年了。
但少数延续性动词（work, live, teach, study等）和一段时间状语连用时，现在完成时和现在完成进行时所表示的意思差不多。如：
I have been working /have worked in the city for ten years.
He has been living /has lived here since five years ago.
1. The construction of the two new railway lines by now.(complete)
这两条新铁路截至目前已竣工。
2. He his paper, and gone out for pleasure. (finish)
他刚刚完成他的论文，出去玩了。
3. This is the first time that we .（hear）
这是我们第一次听到她唱歌。
4. He for over twenty years. (work)
他在这里工作了二十年了。
5. Never before such a stupid man. (see)
我从未见过这样愚笨的一个人！
1. has been completed
2. has just finished
3. have heard her sing
4. has worked/has been working here
5. have I seen