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及物动词与不及物动词

动词是英语词类中最复杂的一种。它的主要语法特征是时态(tense), 语态(voice),语气(mood),体(aspect)(动词本身含有动态和静态之分)。而根据动词在句子中的功用,可将动词分为行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。行为动词又可根据其句法作用,分为及物动词不及物动词

1. 及物动词与不及物动词的定义

及物动词:后面必须接宾语的动词叫及物动词。有的动词后能接一个宾语,有的可以接两个宾语。接双宾语的动词所带的直接宾语通常指物,间接宾语通常指人。

例如:It will do you(间接宾语) no harm(直接引语). 它不会伤到你。

She gave him(间接宾语) the first injection(直接宾语). 她给他打了第一针。

(1) 不及物动词:不及物动词本身意义完整,后面不需要也不可以直接加宾语。

例如:The rain stopped. 雨停了。

What happened yesterday? 昨天发生了什么?

2. 及物动词加宾语的常见情况

(1) 主语+及物动词+宾语(从句)

例如:He set a new rule in his office. 他在办公室制定了一条新规定。

He believes that it is not who is right but what is right that is of importance. 他认为重要的是什么是对的,而非谁是对的。

(2) 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

例如:He has taught us English for 2 years. 他教我们英语已经两年了。

(3) 主语+及物动词+直接宾语+to+间接宾语

例如:He gave a dictionary(直接宾语) to George(间接宾语). 他给了乔治一本字典。

常见动词:give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, promise, read, recommend, sell, send, show, take, tell, throw, address, explain, introduce, mention, report, say, state, suggest等。

(4) 主语+及物动词+直接宾语+for+间接宾语

例如:The hotel provides a shoe?cleaning service for guests. 这家旅馆为客人提供擦鞋服务。

I bought it for you, not for myself. 我是替你买的,不是给我自己买的。

常见动词:build, book, buy, catch, choose, find, keep, make, order, prepare, save, do, sing等。

(5) 主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)

有些及物动词在接一个宾语的同时需要再接一个补语以对宾语进行补充说明。这种宾语和补语的结合叫做复合宾语;这些及物动词就是接复合宾语的及物动词。根据充当补语的词性的不同,可以分为以下几类:

a. 形容词做宾补

例如:We must keep the room clean. 我们必须保持房间干净。

His illness left him weak. 疾病使他身体虚弱。

They broke the door open. 他们强行把门打开。

常见动词:make, think, believe, suppose, consider, leave, paint, keep, find, wish等。

常见搭配:break sth. open, drive sb. mad, beat sb. black and blue, polish sth. smooth, set sb. free, cut sth short等。

b. 名词做宾补

例如:They elected Joan monitor of the class. 他们选了琼做班长。

They call him a lazy boy because he is always being late for school. 他们叫他懒小子,因为他上学总是迟到。

常见动词:call, name, make, elect, appoint, consider, leave, think, declare等。

c. 不定式做宾补

例如:I’ll get someone to repair the recorder for you. 我去找个人来给你修录音机。

You can’t expect him to come tonight. 你不能指望他晚上会来。

Don’t forget to remind me to submit my paper to the professor. 别忘记提醒我把论文交给教授。

常见动词:ask, tell, invite, force, allow, wish, want, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, instruct, permit, remind, order, command, warn, cause, urge等。

d. 分词做宾补

例如:I am sorry for keeping you waiting. 对不起让你久等了。

Can you hear her singing in the next room now? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

I can’t get the car started. 我的车发动不起来了。

He heard the name mentioned twice at the meeting. 他听到在会议上这个名字被提到了两次。

常见动词:see, hear, feel, notice, watch等。

3. 不及物动词后接宾语的情况

及物动词可以直接接宾语,不及物动词如果想形成完整动宾关系,就必须通过使用介词再接宾语。

例如:They finally arrived at a place which used to a school. 他们到了一个过去曾作为学校的地方。

Let’s look at the current social concerns. 让我们来关注一下现在的社会热点问题。

4. 既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词的动词

有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,使用的场合不同,意思也会发生变化。例如:

He turned his horse’s head and rode away. vt. 他调转马头骑着走了。

He turned towards Maggie. vi. 他转身向着Maggie。

He has been walking back and forth for half an hour. vi. 这样走来走去已经半个小

时了。

He walked the horse to and fro. vt. 他来回遛马。

The trees moved in the wind. vi. 树在风中摇曳。

The tale moved her to tears. vt. 这故事使她感动得落泪。

常见动词:stand, fly, work, mind, dress, escape, hang, head, show, run, move etc.

疑难问答:

1. 及物动词与不及物动词可以互换吗?

(1) 及物动词有主动语态和被动语态,不及物动词没有被动语态。以既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词的sell 为例:

When will you sell this house? = When will the house be sold? vt. 你何时把房子卖了?

The book sells very well. vi. 这本书销量很好。

(2) 在这类动词中,一些不及物动词加副词后,经常可以由主动语态表示被动的概念。

例如:This kind of paper tears easily. vi. 这种纸很好撕。

Wet wood won’t burn. vi. 湿木头烧不起来。

The pen writes smoothly. vi. 这支笔写起来很顺手。

常见类似以上例句中可以用主动语态表示被动概念的动词还有:wash, read, wear, open, clean, cook, keep, blow, measure, lock, run, begin, shut等。

2. 非谓语动词及从句做动词宾语的情况有哪些?

从句,以及非谓语动词中的不定式、动名词都可以在及物动词,或联合介词的不及物动词+介词后充当宾语。

例如:They arrived at what used to a store. 他们到了一个过去用作仓库的地方。

They had hoped to raise enough money for this charity organization, but they failed. 他们原希望能为这个慈善组织募得足够的钱,但失败了。

He doesn’t care about being driven like a slave by his boss. 他不介意像奴隶一样被老板驱使。

3. 形似的及物动词与不及物动词如何区分?

有些动词形式相似,甚至意思相近,但一为及物动词,一为不及物动词,它们的用法就大不相同。比如lay和lie, raise和rise, seat 和sit等。例如:

They raised a statue in memory of Robert Burns. vt. 他们为纪念罗伯特・彭斯建立了

一座雕像。

The kite rises in the sky. vi. 风筝在风中升起。

Where did you lay the book I gave to you? vt. 你把我给你的书放哪儿了?

There lie two famous temples in that area. vi. 那个地区有两座有名的寺庙。

In the first row of the audience are seat the representatives to be awarded. vt.

即将被颁奖的代表都坐在观众席的第一排。

In the first row of the audience sit the representatives to be awarded. vi.

4. 动词短语是否具有动词的及物性与不及物性?

由动词加介词或副词构成的短语也因其构成动词的词性而具备及物的性质或不及物的性质。所以在使用动词短语时同样要关注这个短语是否能直接接宾语,或者被动语态的使用。例如:

His new book will be published/ released next month. 他的新书下个月将被出版。

His new book will be brought out next month. 及物的动词短语

His new book will come out next month 不及物的动词短语

The fire went out finally. 不及物的动词短语:火最终熄灭了。

The fire was put out finally. 及物的动词短语:火最终被扑灭了。

[即学即练]

1. The message is very important, so it is supposed ________ as soon as possible.

A. to be sent B. to send C. being sent D. sending

2. I _______ it as a basic principle of the company that suppliers of raw materials should be given a fair price for their products.

A. make B. look C. take D. think

3. The fact that she never apologized ________ a lot about what kind of person she is.

A. says B. talks C. appears D. declares

4. Does this meal cost [S] 50? I ________ something far better than this!

A. prefer B. expect C. suggest D. suppose

5. “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even ________ from her book.

A. looking down B. looking up C. looking away D. looking on

6. We finished the run in less than half the time ________.

A. allowing B. to allow C. allowed D. allows

7. He was busy writing a story, only ________ once in a while to smoke a cigarette.

A. to stop B. stopping

C. to have stopped D. having stopped

8. Please remain _________; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated

9. ―Can those ________ at the back of the classroom hear me?

―No problem.

A. waiting B. waited C. waiting for D. having waited

10. The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported ________ the world record in the 110?meter hurdle race.

A. breaking B. having broken

C. to have broken D. to break