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抚仙湖生态环境脆弱性分析研究

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摘要:为了稳定保护抚仙湖优良的生态环境,防止人为过度干扰对湖泊生态系统的影响,对抚仙湖生态环境脆弱性进行了分析研究。据30年的水文资料及水质实测资料研究分析表明,抚仙湖由于自然因素的敏感性属结构型脆弱性;同时又受湖盆区人类活动外部驱动力作用的影响,形成了人类活动胁迫型脆弱性。近年来抚仙湖水体有机营养物质逐年升高,浮游植物生物量增加了7~10倍,透明度下降了2.7 m,综合营养状态指数上升了2.1倍,这是湖泊自然因素敏感性和人类活动影响叠加的结果。因此,面对目前存在的各种环境问题和未来社会经济发展带来的环境压力,要维护抚仙湖生态系统的稳定性及安全性,对抚仙湖的资源开发利用应当慎重。

关键词:抚仙湖;生态系统;脆弱性;环境保护

中图分类号:P343.3;X171;X524 文献标识码:A 文章编号:0439-8114(2012)14-2968-04

Study on the Vulnerability of Ecological Environment in Fuxian Lake

WANG Lin1,TANG Jin-yan2,LIU Yu2,LIU Jia-zhong1

(1.College of Resources and Environment,Yuxi Normal University,Yuxi 653100,Yunnan,China;

2. Yuxi Institute of Environmental Science Research,Yuxi 653100,Yunnan,China)

Abstract: In order to protect the excellent ecological environment in Fuxian Lake stably and prevent the influence of excessive human disturbance on the lake ecosystem, the vulnerability of ecological environment in Fuxian Lake was studied. According to the analysis on the hydrological data and water quality data in 30 years, the vulnerability of Fuxian Lake belonged to structural class due to the sensitivity of natural factors; meanwhile, influences of human activities in lake-basin area also caused human activities stress vulnerability. In recent years, organic nutrition had been increasing year after year; the biomass of phytoplankton increased by 7~10 times; the transparency dropped by 2.7 m; and TLIc was increased by 2.1 times as the result of the superposition of influences of natural factors and human activities. Facing various existing environmental problems and pressure caused by social and economic development, the exploitation of resources in Fuxian Lake basin should be cautiously to ensure the stability and security of ecosystem in Fuxian Lake.

Key words: Fuxian Lake; ecosystem; vulnerability; environmental protection

生态环境脆弱性包括结构型脆弱性和胁迫型脆弱性。结构型脆弱性主要是由系统自身的结构决定的,主要体现在系统自身的不稳定性和敏感性;胁迫型脆弱性是导致生态系统脆弱的驱动力,主要是外部环境扰动对系统造成的不利影响[1,2]。抚仙湖是中国最大的深水型淡水湖泊,为珠江源头第一大湖,属南盘江水系,位于云南省玉溪市澄江、江川、华宁三县之间,距昆明市60 km[3,4]。抚仙湖是一个南北向的断层溶蚀湖泊,形如倒置葫芦状,两端大、中间小,北部宽而深,南部窄而浅,中间呈喉扼形。湖面海拔高度为1 722.5 m,湖面积216.6 km2,湖容积为206.2亿m3,湖水平均深度为95.2 m,最深处有158.9 m,湖容量相当于12个滇池的水量、6个洱海的水量、4个太湖的水量,占云南九大高原湖泊总蓄水量的72.8%,占全国淡水湖泊蓄水量的9.16%[5]。这里的水质极佳,晴天时湖水清澈见底,透明度一般为5 m,有的可达7~8 m。由于湖水深、风浪大,以往挺水植物和浮游植物不易在湖中生长。现在由于人类活动的扩大与自然环境的变化,抚仙湖水域的浮游生物量有所增加、有机营养物质逐年升高、湖水透明度出现了下降的迹象,表明抚仙湖优良的生态系统已渐渐处在失衡的状态[6]。为了维护抚仙湖生态系统的稳定性及安全性,提高人们对抚仙湖生态系统面临退化威胁的重视程度,对抚仙湖自然生态系统及近30年来的水质进行了分析研究,论述了抚仙湖生态环境的脆弱性,从而警示抚仙湖资源利用应慎重开发。

1 研究方法