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试论中学英语课堂教学中学生学习兴趣的培养

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(乌鲁木齐市实验学校 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000)

【摘 要】中学英语教学的一项重要任务就是培养学生学习英语的兴趣,而课堂教学作为中学英语教学的重要环节,是培养学生学习兴趣的重要途径。通过精心设计课堂教学,如采用情景式教学和任务型教学,可以充分调动学生的学习积极性,培养学生的学习兴趣,达到理想的教学效果。

【关键词】中学英语教学;情景式教学;任务型教学;学习兴趣

1. 引言 中学英语教学中,学生学习兴趣的培养是一项重要的教学任务。教师在向学生传授英语知识的同时,还应通过各种手段和途径来培养学生的学习兴趣,这样才能保证学生保证较高的学习动机,提高学生学习英语的自主性。而在中学英语教学的各个环节之中,课堂教学是最重要、也是最主要的一个环节。课堂设计的好坏直接影响着学生的学习兴趣,而学生学习兴趣的高低和学生的学习态度和教学效果有密切关系。因此,中学英语教师的一个重要职责,就是通过成功的课堂教学设计培养学生的学习兴趣,最终实现由“要我学”到“我要学”的转变。

近年来,随着国内外英语教学研究的探索和发展,英语教学研究者和一线教师已经逐步尝试将语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的研究成果应用于中学课堂英语教学,在一定程度上促进了教师教学效果和学生学习积极性的提高。但个别学校由于教师素质、学校资源等各方面的限制,课堂教学中仍然采取传统的“教师一言堂”的教学方法,结果就是造成课堂气氛沉闷,学生参与度不高,学生提不起兴趣,教学效果也比较差。笔者作为中学英语教学的一线教师,发现在课堂教学中可以通过精心设计,将目前英语教学中的一些研究成果应用于课堂英语教学,,能有效培养学生的学习兴趣,并取得比较理想的教学效果。

2. 学生学习兴趣与课堂教学 外语学习作为一种复杂的社会、心理活动,涉及的不仅仅是对母语和外语两种语言在语言形式、文化、语用等方面的差异性,更和学习者本身的情感有密切关系。情感指“人们对客观事物是否符合自己的需要而产生的态度的体验”(贾琳,2005)。在语言学习中,情感指学习者在学习过程中体会到的感情、情绪、态度等,其中学习兴趣是情感的一项重要组成部分,决定着学习者在学习中的感情和态度等。研究表明,学习兴趣在语言学习,尤其是外语学习过程中起着重要作用(郭书彩,2002)。兴趣是推动学生学习的内在动力,对学生学习动机的形成和学习效果的好坏有直接关系。如果学生对外语学习有浓厚的兴趣,在学习过程中就能发挥主观能动性,采取积极主动的态度进行学习,也更容易体会到成就感。相反,如果学生对外语学习的兴趣不高,就会在学习过程中比较被动,学习的效果相对而言就会低很多。因此,学生的学习兴趣在外语学习中起着重要作用。

要培养学生的学习兴趣,教师和课堂教学设计是至关重要的因素。首先,教师作为教学活动的组织者,担负着组织教学、引导学生的重要任务。而教师职责的主要体现就在于课堂教学的设计、操作及宏观调控中。课堂教学是教学环节中最重要的一环,是进行教与学和完成教学任务的核心因素。而学生对外语学习兴趣的高低,与任课教师的课堂教学设计有重要关系。如果任课教师能发挥自己的积极主动性,采用丰富多彩的教学方法,充分利用课堂教学的各个环节,合理设计课堂教学,学生就能在课堂教学中感受到外语学习的魅力,激发学生学习的主动性,培养学生学习的兴趣,最终达到教学效果。

3. 课堂教学中培养学生学习兴趣的尝试 笔者作为中学英语教学的一线教师,结合二语习得的现有研究成果和自身教学实践经验,在课堂教学过程中逐步摸索出一些培养学生学习兴趣的有效方法,其中最有效的是以下两种:

第一,采用情景教学方法,通过营造宽松愉悦的氛围让学生获得成功的体验。

情景教学法就是教师根据课堂教学的内容,将现实生活搬进课堂,通过营造宽松愉悦的氛围让学生在实践和体验中学习。这种教学方法将日常生活和课堂教学相结合,避免了传统教学中单纯以课本、粉笔和黑板为教学工具的做法,可以使课堂教学更为风趣活泼。与此同时,如果能让学生身体力行,参与到课堂活动中,在动手的同时学习知识,无形中就能提高学习的兴趣。

以笔者在讲授人教版英语八年级How do you make a banana milk shake?一课为例。本节课的任务是学会使用简单的英文单词以及中学英语句型来描述制作奶昔或汉堡、沙拉等的制作过程。为了使整节课生动、有趣,上课时我将实物带到课堂上。学生在看到这些工具时感到非常新奇,在上课前就有了学习的兴趣。课堂教学过程中,我先在讲台上,一边示范,一边叙述如何制作。学生全身贯注地的听讲、跟读,直至领会。然后布置任务:熟练背诵制作过程的同学可上前面实际操作,制作香蕉奶昔。学生背书的积极性充分调动了起来。

T: Morning, children. It's time for our happy English again. Are you happy?

Ss: Yeah.

T: I'm happy, too.

(Students and the teacher sing the song If You Are Happy together.课件)

T: Last class, I asked you to make a kind of drink or food, and write down the steps in English. Now, are you ready?

Ss: Say Yes loudly.

T: Good! Let's communicate. Who wants to try?

(Every student puts up their hands.)

T: Everyone wants?! Good. (Ask several students to communicate.)

T: Ok, Tom, please.

Tom: Sugar Tomatoes! I cut up some tomatoes, put them into the bowl, and add sugar to tomatoes.

(师:边听边评价,并板书生词。)

T: Good! Oh, cut up the tomatoes. (板书 cut up)Yeah, add the sugar to the tomatoes. (板书add…to…)That's all?

Tom: Yeah!

T: Tom, what's the meaning of “cut up”.

Tom: 切碎

T: Yes, 切碎 Children, give me examples, ok?

Ss: Cut up the apples.

T: Yeah!

Ss: Cut up the meat.

T: Yeah!

T: What's the meaning of “add…to…”

Ss: 把……加到……上,

T: Examples?

Ss: Add butter to the bread.

T: Right!

Ss: Add solt to the salad.

T: Good!

T: Oh, Tom, how do you know these?

Tom: Look up the dictionary!

T: That's a really good way. Sit down.

T: Next one? Lucy!

Lucy: Apple juice. I peel the apples, cut them up, then put them into the blender, at last, I turn on it.

T: Well done!

T: Lucy, just now you said: Peel the apples. What's the meaning of peel?

Lucy: 剥或削

T: Now can you spell?

Lucy: P-E-E-L.

T: Yes, peel. (板书)Pay attention to “ee”, here pronounce /i:/ Examples?

Ss: Peel the bananas. Peel the pears. Peel the orange…

T: Quite right.

T: Children, Lucy made apple juice, and she said: Put the apples into the blender, so, can you guessWhat's the meaning of “blender?”

Ss: 果汁机。

T:(Surprised.)You're very clever, and try to spell “blender”.

Ss: (根据读音拼写) B-L-E-N-D-E-R. (师板书)

T: Pretty good! B-L-E-N-D-E-R. (领读两遍)

T: Ok, look, this is a blender. (拿出果汁机) Now, you must know what's the meaning of “ turn on” the blender, “turn off” the blender.(动作演示)(板书)

Ss: 打开,关上。

T: Yes ,turn on means 打开, turn off means 关上,examples? Ok?

Ss: Turn on / off the light, computer, TV…

T: But just now, Lucy, you said “put the honey into the blender” I don't think it's the best way of saying this sentence. We'd better say: Pour the honey into the blender. (板书)pour…into…means把…倒进,here, “our” pronounce / :/ such as――

Ss: Pour the water into the bowl.

T: Right!

Ss: Pour the milk into the glass.

T: Wonderful!

T: Wow, Lucy, how do you know so many new words and phrases?

Ss: On the Internet.

T: I think you must be good at computer. Right?

( Lucy smiles happily.)

T: Now, please read and memorize these words and phrases by yourselves. (Two minutes).

(Students read by themselves.)

T: Who can lead us to read? Volunteer!

(Ask two students to lead others to read.)

第二,采用任务型教学方法,通过设计具体任务唤起学生的参与激情和表现欲望。

任务型教学方法(task-based approach)是目前国内外语言教学中的一种重要的教学方法,其具体操作分为三个步骤:任务前、任务中和任务后。任务前阶段需要教师根据特定的教学目的设计选取适当的任务,同时带领学生了解有关任务的背景知识及信息,并告知学生任务的内容、操作方法、要求等。任务中阶段需要教师知指导学生实施任务,并在必要的时候给予一定指导和帮助。任务后阶段需要教师带领学生回顾任务过程,分析任务中出现的问题,并着重提出任务过程中的学生应掌握的核心知识和技能。

任务型教学方法目前有三种模式,其中中间型教学任务在国外实践中证明效果最好,也比较符合我国的外语教学传统(方文礼,2003)。这种模式的任务型教学强调教学任务的真实性和自然性,同时又注重学生在执行任务过程中语言形式的练习。在中学英语课堂教学中采用任务型教学方法,就是在课堂教学中根据教学内容,设计现实生活中真实存在的任务,要求学生亲自参与到任务中来,将教学内容涉及到的语言和非语言知识运用到任务中。和前面提到的情景式教学方法中将现实生活搬入课堂不同的是,任务型教学方法将课堂内容设计成现实生活中的实际任务。这样一来,学生在真实任务中练习语言内容,能加深学生对知识的掌握和理解,同时让学生在做中学,体会到学习内容的实用性,唤起学生的参与激情和表现欲望,从而提高学习的兴趣。

如笔者在学习人教版英语X年级XXX课的课堂设计。本单元要求学生掌握XX。课堂教学中,我精心设计了前任务、任务中和后任务三个阶段的活动。在前任务阶段,XXX。任务中阶段,将学生分为不同的小组,按照任务要求模拟真实场景,并进行练习。任务后阶段,通过邀请学生到班级前面表演,在检验学生练习的效果的同时,鼓励学生大胆实践,并通过奖励激发学生的表演热情。

(T: My children. You've all done a good job. So, I'll give you a special gift. Do you want to see?

Ss: Yes. (Happily)

T: Ok! The gift is a banana milk shake. (板书a banana milk shake,)and Say:This word pronounce /?eIk/ (Lead students to read)

T: Milk shake means 奶昔. It's a kind of drink. Now, do you want to know how to make it?

Ss: Yes. (Can't help waiting)

T: Ok, Let's learn Unit 3 together. How do you make a banana milk shake? 板书

(Students read the topic.)

T: Then I'll show you how to make it. But, can you give me a hand?

Ss: Say ok happily.

T: Thank you. Describe my actions in English, Ok? Look here. (Take out the blender. 引导学生描述)

Teacher: First―― Students: Peel the bananas. Cut up the bananas.

Teacher: Next―― Students: Put the bananas and ice cream into the blender.

Teacher: Then―― Students: Pour the milk into the blender.

Teacher: Finally―― Students: Turn on the blender. Turn off the blender.

T: Very great. That's ok. Now the milk shake looks wonderful! Have a taste?

Ss: Really want.(Invite several students to taste.)

S1: Delicious.

T: Thank you!

S2: Great. I want one more glass of it. ( Other students laugh.)

T: Now, I can't wait to taste,too. (Have a taste.)Wow, really delicious! After class, everyone can have a taste, ok?

T: Look at the blackboard. Just now, I used First, next, then, finally, (板书)we should know, we use these words can make the listener understand us more clearly. Understand?

Ss: Yes.

T: Ok, now have a test. Listen to the tape, put the sentences in the right order. (课件习题)

T: Let's check the answer.

Task: Make a new kind of drink or food.

T: This class, we've learnt so many ways of making drink and food! Are you excited?

Ss: Answer the teacher happily.

T: Me, too. Now do you want to make a new kind of them?

Ss: Yes. ( Excited.)

T: Ok, look at the screen.(课件展示图片) Wow, here're so many ingredients. Strawberry, pear, apple and so on. Pay attention to this word. Y-o-g-u-r-t, here, o pronounce /D/, ur pronounce /?/, so the word pronounce――/'jDg?t / 生抢读

T: Very good! It means酸奶.

T: Then, choose some of them to make what you like. Work in groups.

(Students work in groups to talk about how to make what they like.)

T: Time's up! Who wants to tell us? (Ask several students to communicate.)

T: Lily!

Lily: Strawberry milk shake. (汇报制作方法)

T: Good! Your milk shake must be wonderful. But, children, first, peel the strawberries, right?

Ss: No, don't need to peel strawberries.

T: Right, washing them is ok! Lily, ok?

Lily: I know.

T: Bob!

Bob: Fruit salad!

T: You're very creative!

Bob: First…then…next…finally…(汇报制作方法)

T: So much?

Bob: Yeah.

T: Oh, your salad sounds delicious. I'm a little piggish.

T: But, How many bananas do you need?(板书, Bob answers: Two.)

How many watermelons do you need? (板书, Bob answers: One.)

How much yogurt do you need? (板书, Bob answers: One cup.)

How much honey do you need? (板书, Bob answers: Two teaspoons.)

T: Students, look here. How many用于对可数名词的数量提问, Such as――

Ss: apples, books, friends…

T: Right!

(One student said: ice cream.)

T: Oh, ice cream? It's uncountable. How much用于对不可数名词的数量提问, Such as ice cream. Examples?

4. 结论 中学英语教学中,任课教师在传授知识的同时,更重要的是要注重培养学生学习英语的兴趣。通过采用情景式教学和任务型教学,教师可以在教学过程中精心设计课堂教学,充分调动学生的学习积极性,不断培养学生的学习兴趣,从而达到理想的教学效果。更重要的是,学生英语学习兴趣的培养,有助于学生自主学习和终身学习能力的培养和提高,并为日后更高层次的学习打下基础。

参考文献

[1] 方文礼,外语任务型教学方法纵横谈,外语与外语教学,2003年第9期

[2] 郭书彩,外语课堂合作学习中的情感与认知因素,国外外语教学,2002年第2期

[3] 贾琳,情感因素在外语教学中的应用,安阳师范学院学报,2005年