巧学名词性从句
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[摘要] 学生在对三种从句的学习中,特别是对名词性从句的学习有很大困惑。针对这一情况和平时的教学积累,可以巧妙地攻破这一难点。
[关键词] 名词性从句 疑问代词 疑问副词
名词性从句是三种从句之一,高中学生平时学习它有些困难。特别是涉及名词性从句的题以及在阅读中对含有它的复杂句的理解感到困难,无从下手。本文将先从来源入手,再讲如何识别,如何解题。以便使学生掌握并学会运用它。
一、追根溯源,循序渐进
高中学生从小学开始学习英语,比较擅长线划提问,所以就从它入手。先写个简单的句子,再慢慢引入。例如:
1. who is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening?
2. What is a farmer feeding happily in the yard in the evening?
3. How is a farmer feeding sheep in the yard in the evening?
4.where is a farmer feeding sheep in the evening?
5.When is a farmer feeding sheep in the yard?从变成的问句中,可以清楚地看到疑问代词或疑问副词在原来的句中做成分。为下一步引入到初中做准备。初三时,学生们非常熟悉直接引语变成间接引语也就是含有宾语从句的复合句。不过还是先介绍句子的结构 S + P,并且引入连词(并列连词和从属连词),有了他们才会出现并列句和从句(定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句)。接着引入名词在句中的基本作用,它充当主语、表语、宾语和同位语。那么,在复合句中,有些从句的作用相当于名词,可充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语,分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。最后,在此时引入直接引语变间接引语也就是含有宾语从句的主从复合句。现将上面句子变成直接引语。
6.She asks me“who is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening ? ”
7.She asks me“What is a farmer feeding happily in the yard in the evening ?”
8.she asks me “How is a farmer feeding sheep in the yard in the evening ?”
9.She asks me “where is a farmer feeding sheep in the evening ?”
10.She asks me “When is a farmer feeding sheep in the yard ?”
把它们变成间接引语(注意:变成从句要用陈述句语序)如下:
11.She asks me who is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening .
12.She asks me What a farmer is feeding happily in the yard in the evening .
13.She asks me How a farmer is feeding sheep in the yard in the evening .
14.She asks me where a farmer is feeding sheep in the evening.
15.She asks me When a farmer is feeding sheep in the yard .
学生们很快明白这些疑问代词或疑问副词等在句中的作用:(1)做成分;(2)起连接词的作用。那么that,whether,if起什么作用?再变成如下:
She asks me “A farmer is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening.”
She asks me “Is a farmer feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening.”
变化为间接引语:
She asks me that a farmer is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening.”
She asks me whether/if a farmer is feeding sheep happily in the yard in the evening.
可以看出, that /whether /if不做成分,只起连接作用。但是,that无意义,而whether /if有意义“是否”。从这部分中,学生从宾语从句了解到大多数词的由来,为识别奠定了基础。
二、由从句的位置判断从句的名称
通过关联词以及所含句子的位置和句子的成分(主,谓,宾等)就可以断定它是名词性从句中的主语从句,宾语从句(包括介宾),表语从句还是同位语从句。例如:
1.That she will go to our party is certain.(主语从句)
2.That is why I am late .(表语从句)
3.I quite agree with what you said .(宾语从句)
4.I have no idea when my wife will be back . (同位语从句)
三、名词性从句解题的方法
学生掌握了以上两点,再在做题的话就有一定的基础。那么,趁热打铁总结一下名词性从句的关联词:①连接词:that,whether,if;②疑问代词:who,what,Whom,whose,which (有范围的选择)等;③疑问副词:when,why,how,where.
由此,可以纵深复合代词和复合副词。复合代词:whatever,whoever,whichever等。复合副词:whenever,wherever,however等。
名词性从句解题方法分三步:第一步,通过以上方法辨别是否为名词性从句。第二步,如果是名词性从句,检查是否缺主语或宾语(包括介宾)或表语。如果缺其中一个成份,就选疑问代词;如果不缺,可选疑问副词或连接词。第三部,通过语境配合第二部确定答案。例如:
1.caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
解析:①判断为主语从句;②缺主语;③配合语境,选择答案为 A。
2. leaves the room last ought turn off the lights.
A.Who B. Whoever C. When D. Where
解析:如果有ever可以不用理会它。①.判断为主语从句;②缺主语,选择疑问代词,排除C,D剩下A,B;③用语境配合发现who针对某个人提问,而加Ever范围放大为任何人,所以选 whoever .
3. I will tell him the news is none of your business.
A.Whether B.If C.Even D.Which
解析:1.判断为主语从句,需要关联词,去掉C答案。2.不缺成分,去掉D答案。剩下A和B.接下来如何筛选,这就需要对名词性从句进行补充说明,才能选择正确。
四、名词性从句用法补
1.用whether不用 if
①在主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中(所以上一题选择A答案)。
例如,The question is whether the book is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
②在介词之后(介词可以省略)。
例如,It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
③直接跟动词不定式时。
例如,She does not know not to stay or not .④后面紧接or not时.
例如,They did know whether or not she was ready.
2.从句要用陈述语序
例如,I doubt whether he will fight for the people.
3.主语从句可以用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置,以强调或使句子平衡。
例如,It is a pity that Xiaohua suffers from AIDS.
4.用 whoever或 whatever引导的主语从句一般不后置,也不用替代词 it.
例如,Whoever wants a book may have one.
5.某些作表语的形容词,如 certain,sorry,glad,sure等词后面也可以带宾语从句。
例如,Iam sorry that Icame so late.
6.带有两个以上的宾语从句,第二个宾语从句的that不可省略。
例如,She said (that) she had finished reading this novel and that she borrowed another one.
7.介词后的宾语从句多用what和whether等疑问词引导,不接that引导的宾语从句(except/but that和 in that (因为)除外)。
例如,He found nothing wrong in what he said .
She knows nothing about the man except that he is a teacher.
通过对以上四部分总结和分析,学生就可以基本掌握名词性从句的辨别以及做题的方法,从而为提高阅读速度和阅读水平以及写作水平奠定基础。在平时的教学中,笔者精心讲解,并分析名词性从句和其他从句的区别,取得了不错的效果。
参考文献:
[1]高二英语教科书(人教版).
[2]张道真语法.
[3]薄冰语法.