探究英语句子分类 化解繁难句式结构

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一、积累基础构建网络

英语句子从结构划分可以分为以下三类：简单句、并列句和复合句。

Ⅰ简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子叫简单句，它是最小的句子单位。

简单句的五大基本句型及句序：

①主+谓例如：Hearrivedyesterday.

主语谓语

②主+系+表 例如：My fatherisa professor.

主语 系动词 表语

常见系动词有be, seem, appear, keep, prove, turn out, look, feel, sound, smell, taste, become, grow, get, turn, go, come (true), fall (ill, asleep)。

③主+谓+宾

例如：Ilikepainting of the Post?鄄impressionist.

主语 谓语宾语

④主+谓+复合宾语（宾+宾语补足语）

例如：I sawa manwalking into the hotel.

主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语

Don?蒺t have the computer running all the time.

谓语 宾语宾语补足语

The teacherasked us

主语 谓语宾语

to finish our homework before 5 o’clock.

宾语补足语

常见可接复合宾语的动词有ask, order, tell, get等及感官动词see, watch, notice, find, hear和使役动词have, make, let, keep, leave等。

⑤主+谓+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）

例如：My mothermade mea new dress.

主语谓语 间接宾语直接宾语

接双宾语的动词常见有buy, find, bring, give, teach, pass, show, tell, do, leave, get, lend, lose, cost, offer, promise, sing, write, deny, envy。

简单句的扩展：英语语言表达也是极其丰富多彩的，除了句子一些主干成分，通常也有作为修饰语的附属成分。基本成分的修饰语可以是：

定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句，类似于形容词的作用。

状语：即用表示动作发生的时间、场合、方式等的单词、短语或从句，类似于副词的作用。

定语在句子的位置和作用：

1. Poor John was taken to a hospital nearby.

2. She likes oranges imported from the USA.（-ed分词作后置定语）

3. Have you seen the book on the desk?

4. The boy playing over there is my brother.（-ing分词作后置定语）

状语在句子的位置和作用：

1. John often came to chat with me.

2. John likes oranges very much.

3. Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.（-ing分词作状语）

4. She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.（-ing分词作状语）

5. My father worked in this school ten years ago.

6. Given more time, he could do it better. (-ed分词作状语)

Ⅱ 并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词来连接。并列连词分为以下几种：

平行并列连词：and, both...and, not only...but also, and then

转折并列连词：but, however, while, yet

因果并列连词：for, so

选择并列连词：or, either... or, neither... nor

并列句=简单句+并列连词+简单句例如：

1. The foodwasgood,buthe had

主语 系动词 表语连接词主语 谓语

little appetite.

宾语

2. He was tired,sohewent to bed.

主语 系动词 表语连接词主语谓语 宾语

3. The childhid behind his mother?蒺s skirt, for

主语谓语 状语 连接词

hewas afraid ofthe dog.

主语 谓语宾语

Ⅲ复合句：由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子,也称之为主从复合句。在英语书面语中应用广泛。复合句的各组成部分并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。

复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句例如：

1. I’ll give the letter to him the moment I see him.

主句 从属连词从句

2. Althoughthe place is quite pleasant,

从属连词从句

we should not go there all the time.

主句

3. I still remember the daywhen I first went to York.

主句从属连词从句

4. He has found outwhy she was late.

主句从属连词 从句

从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。因此，根据从句的作用可将其分为三大从句：

名词性从句：包含主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

形容词性从句（定语从句）：包括限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

副词性从句（状语从句）：包括时间，地点，原因，条件，目的，让步，方式，结果等状语从句。例如：

①The sad thing is that the old man with a lot of money chooses to live alone. （表语从句）

②What the old man chooses is living alone.（主语从句）

③We all know that the old man chooses to live alone. （宾语从句）

④The fact that the old man with a lot of money chooses to live alone was known to everyone. （同位语从句）

⑤The old man who has a lot of money chooses to live alone. （定语从句）

⑥Although the old man has a lot of money, he chooses to live alone. （状语从句）

二、感悟提升厚积薄发

复杂句子的解决方法就是复杂句式简单化，优先提取主干法。这种方法顾名思义就是先把句子的主干提取，因为主干是句子的精髓所在，然后再看其他补充或修饰的成分。

阅读下列长难句，试分析其中结构：

1. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago, and now you are finding it difficult to give it up.

分析：本句为复合句，其中由that引导出宾语从句。而宾语从句中是一个由and引导的并列句。其中一个分句为you started smoking some time ago，另一个分句为now you are finding it difficult to give it up.

2. However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible.

分析：本句也为复合句，其中what引导一个从句作主语（主语从句），that引导一个从句作表语（表语从句），而表语从句中动词thought后接了一个宾语从句。

3. When I was taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit smoking.

分析：本句为复合句，其中when引导是时间状语从句，而时间状语从句中又由because引导了一个原因状语从句。

4. The language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition.

分析：这是一个并列句，后一个分句中有一个由because引导的原因状语从句。

5. When people first saw his painting, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene.

分析：这是一个复合句，when引导了一个时间状语从句，主句中含有一个that引导的宾语从句。

6. It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the 19th century do not attract visitors.

分析：这是一个复合句，其中that引导了一个主语从句，作真正主语。

【单项填空题】

1. The party will be held in the garden, weather _______.

A. permitting

B. to permit

C. permitted

D. permit

2. Birds’ singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ________ away.

A. to stay B. staying

C. stayed D. stay

3. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________ the breakfast untouched.

A. left B. to leave

C. leaving D. having left

4. ________ an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will regret it sooner or later.

A. Based B. Basing

C. Base D. To base

5. When ________ for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.

A. asking B. asked

C. having asked D. to be asked

6. ________ to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.

A. Having been asked

B. To ask

C. Having asked

D. To be asked

7. Have you sent thank―you notes to the relatives from ________ you received gifts?

A. which B. them

C. that D. whom

8. Sales director is a position ________ communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.

A. which B. that

C. when D. where

9. I don?蒺t believe we?蒺ve met before, _______ I must say you do look familiar.

A. therefore B. although

C. since D. unless

10. ________ hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.

A. However B. Whatever

C. Whichever D. Whenever

11. The notice came around two in the afternoon ________ the meeting would be postponed.

A. when B. that

C. whether D. how

12. Evidence has been found through years of study ________ children’s early sleeping problem likely to continue when they grow up.

A. why B. how

C. whether D. that

13. Many countries are now setting up national parks ________ animals and plants can be protected.

A. when B. which

C. whose D. where

14. Finally he reached a lonely island _________ was completely cut off from the outside world.

A. when B. where

C. which D. whom

15. Anyone, once _______ positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.

A. to be tested

B. being tested

C. tested

D. to test

16. You must learn to consult your feelings and your reason ________ you reach any decision.

A. although B. before

C. because D. unless

17. If _____ to look after luggage for someone else, inform the police at once.

A. asked B. to ask

C. asking D. having asked

18. _______ breaks the window will have to pay for it.

A. Whoever B. Whatever

C. Whichever D. Wherever

19. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.

A. how B. that

C. which D. whether

20. _________ I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start.

A. Whatever B. Whenever

C. Whoever D. However

21. Read this story, ________ you will realize that not everything can be bought with money.

A. or B. and

C. but D. so

22. Don’t turn off the computer before closing all programs ________ you could have problems.

A. or B. and

C. but D. so

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