天津华明“宅基地换房”对农民就业和收入的影响
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摘要：根据实地抽样调研数据，采用倍差分析法评估天津华明镇“宅基地换房”对换房农民就业和收入的影响，结果表明：换房后华明镇有就业愿望的无业劳动力比例从9%上升到14%，而且“宅基地换房”政策并没有给换房农民带来收入的增加，反而使农民的纯收入比从前低；但大部分农民对换房以后的生活感到满意。在快速城市化进程中，必须解决失地农民就业问题。就业问题也是华明镇目前最为严峻、最迫切需要解决的问题，政府应加快“三区联动”建设，着力完善就业促进措施。
关键词：宅基地换房；快速城市化；换房农民；农民增收；失地农民就业；就业促进；三区联动；倍差分析法
中图分类号：F321.1；D422.7 文献标志码：A 文章编号：16748131（2012）04001908
The Effect of Tianjin Huaming’s “Exchange of a Residential Site
for an Apartment” on Employment and Income of the Peasants
MA Linjing1, WANG Fei2, YANG Da3
(1.School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300041, China;
2.School of Material; Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300041, China;
3.Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces Academy, Hebei Langfang 065000, China)
Abstract: According to spot sampling data, the differenceindifference analysis method is used to evaluate the effect of Tianjin Huaming’s “exchange of a residential site for an apartment” on the employment and income of the targeted peasants and the results show that the rate of the unemployed labors who have working desire rises from 9 percent to 14 percent in Huaming Town after the exchange, that the policy of “exchange of a residential site for an apartment” does not raise the income of targeted peasants, on the contrary, the policy makes the income of the peasants lower than before, however, the majority of the peasants feel satisfied with the life after the exchange. In the rapid process of urbanization, the employment of the peasants who lost their land must be solved. The employment is also the most serious and the most urgent problem which needs to be solved in Huaming Town and the governments should accelerate “three districts association” construction and emphatically perfect employment promotion measures.
Key words: exchange of a residential site for an apartment; rapid urbanization; targeted peasant; peasants’ income growth; employment of the peasants who lost land; employment promotion; three districts association; differenceindifference analysis method
一、引言
世界近现代史的经验表明，推进城市化是落后的农业国走向发达的工业国的必经之路。城市化不仅关系到农业增效、农民增收和农村发展，而且关系到整个国民经济的结构调整和优化，关系到宏观经济的持续快速健康发展和社会的全面进步。
马林靖，王菲，杨达:天津华明“宅基地换房”对农民就业和收入的影响
大量的实证研究表明，城市化与经济发展呈高度相关（钱纳里，1988；周一星，1997；陈颐，1998），对农民增收、剩余劳动力迁移就业也都有显著的促进作用（马保平，2003；惠宁 等，2007；周文斌，2007）。特别对于农民增收难的问题，通过加速城市化来解决，转移大量的剩余劳动力，促进土地规模经营，确实可以有效实现农民增收（郭慧伶，2003；陈玫君 等，2006）。农村剩余劳动力在向城市和非农产业转移的过程中，具备了谋生的基本技能，也具备了相当的消费能力，成为拉动国内需求的重要力量（孙雷 等，2004）。我国的城市化水平长期滞后于工业化和经济增长（戴均良，2006），大量的剩余劳动力集中在农村和第一产业，不利于农民收入提高和农业现代化发展，为此，加速城市化发展迫在眉睫（马保平，2003）。