江南网船会:流淌着的运河民俗文化
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熙熙攘攘的观众注视着正待出发的龙船。Spectators wait anxiously for dragon boats to race.
网船会已于2010年列入国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目保护名录，它是嘉兴悠久历史文化的重要体现和延续。
2012网船会活动将以保护利用非物质文化遗产为主题，以北部湿地新城开发为契机，使非物质文化遗产融入生活、焕发时代活力。今年3月29日，一个具有江南民俗特色的水乡盛会将在嘉兴市秀洲区王江泾镇莲泗荡举行。
水乡盛会，感受流淌民俗
仲春的莲泗荡畔，绵延十里的网船排泊整齐，大片高耸的旗帜迎风招展，与满目的油菜花海交相辉映。在香火鼎盛的刘王庙里，四邻八乡的香客接踵而至，民俗表演队伍浩浩荡荡……
“承载着运河历史的网船会是与江南水乡渔民生产、生活息息相关的民间水上庙会活动。 ”据秀洲区委常委、区委宣传部部长王国华介绍，自2009年3月21日首次由政府主办从明代流传至今的“江南网船会”以来，已经举办了三年，在江浙沪乃至全国打响了品牌，有较高的知名度和较大的影响力，每年有来自江浙沪的83个民间社团和数万民众参与，是江南水乡民俗的重要活动。
2011年4月11日，“江南网船会”在嘉兴秀洲区举行。从杭州沿着沪杭高速，转到乍嘉苏高速，到了王江泾镇上。一路蜿蜒开到莲泗荡，放眼望去，水面上笼罩了浓浓的一层水雾，百里莲荡上浩浩荡荡的龙船见首不见尾。
莲泗荡本名连四荡，以陶家荡、文泉荡、庙前荡、桥北荡四荡相连而名，是古太湖的遗存。莲泗荡水域面积四千余亩，盛产鱼虾，环湖四周，尽是烟树村落。
刘王庙就建在这一片烟波浩渺的水面之上。明黄色的庙宇，庄严肃穆，里面供奉着驱蝗神刘猛将。每个月，庙里的祭品都是陆续不断，香客来自江浙沪各地。走过九曲廊，就是刘公塔。
活动当天，只见节日的莲泗荡锣鼓喧天，人山人海。数百条渔船，上万名来自江浙沪的农渔居民，都不约而同地汇聚到王江泾莲泗荡。
瞧，一字排开的船只将百里莲泗荡变成了船的海洋。水中、岸上旗幡招展，“咣咣”的锣鼓声映入耳际。天蒙蒙亮，各路渔民、船民、商人携带鸡、鱼、猪（猪头）等祭品涌向莲泗荡北岸的刘王庙，来纪念心目中的这位传奇英雄。各路社团不但在船上进行祭祀活动，而且在庙里举行舞龙、打腰鼓、打莲湘等赶庙活动，成为江南独有的渔民水上狂欢节。
“平时工作压力大，趁着双休日，又恰逢一年一度的网船会，特意带孩子来凑凑热闹。 ”家住上海的周女士周六带着孩子来到了秀洲区王江泾镇莲泗荡风景区，正好赶上了这一盛会，第一次感受到了这里江南水乡的原生态画卷。
在历届网船会上，三五成群、谈笑风生的身影随处可见。“网船会是我们一年一度集会的大日子，好像古代的赶集一样热闹。 ”一位老阿姨乐呵呵地说。历史上，在运河水系长年漂泊劳作的渔民、船民，每年三次的网船会也是他们联络感情、认祖归宗的特殊节日。打莲湘、挑花篮、荡湖船、看戏文、踏白船、扎肉提香……各种原生态民间的文艺节目，不仅丰富了百姓的生活，也增进了彼此的感情。
自清咸丰以来，水乡渔民、船民和当地百姓为祭祀元末除蝗救灾英雄刘承忠将军，通过庙会的方式，祈求风调雨顺、出入平安、农渔丰收；通过庙会观光游乐、休闲购物，寄托情怀。商船、烧香船、丝网船、渔船、驳船、脚船、轮船等向莲泗荡汇集而来，船队从刘公园门口延伸至古运河，长达5公里多。每次集会，活动时间达四五天，人数达三万多，这就形成了水乡独有的“网船会”。
在江南网船会上赶完集，你还可以去看看江南水乡首个渔俗文化博物馆。博物馆就设在莲泗荡风景区，蓑衣、渔舟、圆鱼叉、萱麻线摇车……走进400多平方米的渔俗文化博物馆，一件件渔民过去常用的生产工具、生活用具映入眼帘。这里的东西大部分是从浙北地区的渔民那里收集来的，其中不少是大家主动捐献的。半年多时间，博物馆已收集了100多件渔民生产工具、生活用具和千百年来关于太湖流域渔业发展情况、渔民生活习俗等的历史资料。
水上庙会，“非遗”保护基地
嘉兴市古属吴越之地，水乡泽国，有着丰富的水乡旅游资源，极具江南水乡神韵。“土膏沃饶，风俗淳秀”，民风柔顺，敦厚善良。境内港、河、浜、荡纵横密布，千年运河风光旖旎，文物古迹丰富多彩，文化底蕴深厚源远。
网船会活动地刘王庙地处莲泗荡北岸的民主村民委驻地，三面环水，东邻嘉善，北邻江苏黎里镇、芦墟镇，南邻本区的油车港镇，西连京杭大运河（约2公里）及王江泾古镇。莲泗荡是浙北一处方圆3.2平方公里的湖泊。
龙狮共舞好闹猛
Dragon and Lion dance excites audience.
“大船峨峨破空来，小船金鼓喧春雷”。踏白船是过去每逢农历三月十六蚕花娘娘生日，在三塔塘、莲泗荡一带运河塘上都要举行的水上竞赛。
古时江浙沪一带渔民自发的民俗祭祀活动，为的是纪念驱蝗神刘猛将。刘猛将究竟何许人也？刘猛将大名叫刘承忠。据民间传说，元朝末年，江、浙一带蝗虫泛滥成灾，朝廷张榜招贤。当时，官属江淮指挥的将军刘承忠揭皇榜自荐，经批准后率领军队星夜赶赴灾区，与百姓一起夜以继日扑灭蝗虫。据说，刘猛将拿一竹竿，竿上扎一被裙，跑到田里驱蝗，竿到哪里，蝗虫即从哪里飞去。刘猛将日夜赶蝗，直到把蝗虫全赶下海，喂了大鱼小鱼。最后，蝗虫消灭了，立了大功的刘将军本应赴京领赏，但他看到百姓颗粒无收，生活无着，便又组织生产自救，带领部下和百姓下湖捕鱼捉蟹、摸蚌捞螺蛳度荒，后因劳累过度，不幸溺死于莲泗荡中。他死后，百姓由感恩到崇敬，遂将他视为农业丰收的保护神，后又成为渔民船民心目中的“水神”，尊称为“刘王爷”，人们年年祭祀，以祈消虫免灾、五谷丰登。
清明节、中秋节前后都是网船会集会的日子，各路船队旗
绵延十里的网船排泊在莲泗荡畔。图为泊船一角。
Boats moored along Liansidang Lake and rivers for five kilometers during a boat festi-val.
LIFESTYLES民俗大观
网船会活动中，上演的越剧《刘猛将传奇》广受欢迎。
“Legend of General Liu”, a Yueju Opera play, is highly appreciated at the boat festival.
幡招展、鞭炮齐鸣，水上、岸上锣鼓喧天、人声鼎沸，持续时间短则三天、长则七天。各路渔民、船民、商人涌向莲泗荡北岸的刘王庙，举行舞龙、扭秧歌、打腰鼓等赶庙活动。
这种习俗百余年来，代代相传，绵延不绝，既保留了江南水乡纯朴的原生态文化风貌，又展示了水乡渔民、船民水信仰的独特传统文化和深厚的民俗内涵。
“网船会”是国内唯一的一处水上庙会，也是秀洲区的地方文化资源。2008年，莲泗荡网船会被列为浙江省“非遗”保护基地。2009年，网船会又积极申报国家级非物质文化遗产保护项目。2010年，网船会被列入国家级非物质文化遗产目录。目前，网船会在江浙沪乃至全国打响了品牌，有较高的知名度和较大的影响力。
2011年网船会推出的《刘猛将传奇》首演仪式、水乡踏白船表演赛、中国江南网船会民俗风情摄影大赛获奖作品展及江南网船会民间社团“船民祭祀活动”等活动，将水乡水上庙会、“非遗”保护基地的独特民俗文化演绎得惟妙惟肖。
“活鱼要在水中看，遗产要在用中传”，作为国内唯一的一处水上庙会的江南网船会，其开发模式采取的也是“流淌
龙舟竞渡莲泗荡
Dragon boats race across Liansidang Lake.
着”的活态保护开发模式，香客、民间艺人是“表演者”，游客是观看者与参与者。近年来，王江泾镇先后投入1000多万元，建造了刘公塔、九曲廊桥，扩建了停车场，迁建了娘舅庙，新建了祭祀前殿，同时在莲泗荡风景区建起了江南水乡首个渔俗文化博物馆。莲泗荡景区也被列入国家A A级风景区，并建设了相关旅游景点。
肃穆面容下，展露的是“风调雨顺、农渔丰收”的质朴愿景；踢腿顿足间，流动的是祖辈相传的民俗舞蹈的古朴韵味；笑语飞落处，绽放的是对幸福明天的美好期许，网船会上这一个个鲜活而个性化的具体影像背后，正是一幅绵延百年的江南水乡纯朴的原生态文化长卷。
《王江泾镇旅游发展总体规划》指出：“特色乡村之‘特’，只能来自鲜明的乡村形象和个性化旅游品牌形成的旅游吸引力，从而构筑起区别其他乡村的旅游形象。这一‘特’，指的就是王江泾镇的江南网船会。 ”
王江泾镇党委书记陈天荣说：“我们将以科学发展观为统领，以规划为蓝图，以网船会为重点，深入发掘历史文化内涵，保持民俗文化的本色本味，以此推进王江泾镇文化旅游事
业的进一步繁荣、发展。 ”
鱼米之乡的嘉兴择水而居、舟楫渡生。嘉兴人的生产活动离不开船，嘉兴人的出行离不开船，也由此形成了许多以船为主要内容的民风民俗，网船会也就是嘉兴水乡文化的活化石。
“不仅要治理好王江泾的水，而且要整合全镇相关旅游资源，积极规划江南水乡渔俗文化一日游，推出龙船赛、垂钓节等一些极具水乡渔俗文化特色的旅游休闲活动。 ”王江泾镇镇长李陈源表示要这样做好“水文章”。
在商贸重镇的基础上，打造“长三角地区生态湿地度假休闲旅游之地”，是王江泾未来的发展方向。以江南网船会为载体，推进水乡民俗旅游，是王江泾镇党委、政府建设“旅游新镇”的一大战略。近几年网船会的成功举办，必将进一步深化王江泾运河文化的挖掘整理，促进全镇文化旅游业发展，为江南湿地新城建设增添色彩。
江南网船会上的文艺演出。An entertaining show at the boat festival
Inscribed in 2010 as a national cultural heritage, the boat festival in Wangjiangjing is a big regional event. Wangjiangjing is a rural town in Jiaxing, a central city in northern Zhejiang Province.
The boat gathering started in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and resumed in 2009 under the sponsorship of Xiuzhou District Govern-ment. Over the past three years, the event has attracted the partici-pation of 83 non-governmental organizations and tens of thousands of local residents. Preparations for this year’s boat event on March 21 are now underway.
The gathering point for the boat festival is Lord Liu Temple situ-ated near Minzhu Village. The village faces the 3.2-km2 Liansidang Lake on three sides and is connected with the outside world through rivers. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal is about 2 kilometers away in the west. Liansidang Lake is part of the ancient Taihu Lake, the largest freshwater lake in this part of the country. Through the dense river network, boats and barges from the lake can reach Shanghai and other big cities in the region.
People come all over from near and far by boat to pay homage to Lord Liu, a general of the Ming Dynasty. Liu was a general who helped combating a locust disaster in the region. After the locust plague was put out, the general stayed behind to help residents re-start their life. The hero was deified by local residents and the tem-ple was built in his honor.
The last official boat festival was held on April 11, 2011. On
the day, hundreds of fishing boats gathered on Liansidang Lake
and tens of thousands of fishermen, villagers, and businesspeople
came together. The boats were all adorned with banners; gongs and
drums could be heard everywhere. Chickens, fish, and pigs were brought in for a sacrifice ceremony at the temple. Various memorial
rituals were held on the boats. Some rituals required bundling boats together and building a large make-do platform. Folk organizations staged their dragon dances and waist-drum shows at the temple.
Though the boat festival is now an annual event, people actually come by boat to pay homage to Lord Liu and meet each other three times a year as they did in the past.
The other two occasions are around Qingming Festival in early April and Moon Festival in September or October. People come in by all kinds of boats: barges, fishing boats, pilgrims’ boats, cargo ships, ferry boats, auto-boats. These boats can extend for five kil-ometers and a gathering lasts 4 to 5 days. In addition to a series of traditional festivities, the gathering also provides local residents with an opportunity to meet each other, for many who know each other but are engaged in different jobs, this is a good time to meet each other.
Liansidang Lake is now a national AA scenic zone, created to conserve local ecology and promote tourism. In the zone is a mu-seum that displays the fishermen lifestyle. The 400-m2 museum has a collection of more than 100 exhibits, all being traditional fishing devices and house utensils. These exhibits were donated by local residents over a period of six months.
The boat festival is the only temple fair held on water in China. It was inscribed on the provincial list of intangible cultural heritage in 2008 and recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage in 2010. To boost tourism, Wangjiangjing Town has invested more than 10 million to develop a series of scenic spots around the lake area.
The hardware development has paved the way for more tour-ism programs to come along. At the 2011 festival, “The Legend of General Liu,” a Yueju Opera play, was premiered. Also staged at the festival were a boat performance, a photo competition, and boatpeo-ple’s memorial rituals.
The faith in Lord Liu in Wangjiangjing has survived. The folk
religion flourished during the dynasties of the Ming and the Qing
(1644-1911) and spread to many other regions.