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【摘要】在英语教学过程中,我们经常能见到“除了……”的多种表达方式。它们的用法复杂多变,难以掌握,学生和教师对此都有所困惑。本文就这些表达方式进行了总结、归纳,以便大家能消除顾虑,更好地掌握它们的用法。
【关键词】表达方式;相似;差别
在英语的听、说、读、写、译中经常要表示“除了……(之外)”这样的概念,而表达这一概念的英语方式又极为丰富。在教学过程中,我们经常见到的表达方式至少有十种,如:except, except for, apart from, aside from, beyond, other than, on top of, but, in addition to, besides等。这些表达方式复杂多变,难以掌握,学生和教师都为之困惑烦恼。它们中存在着相似及细微的差别。因此,我们将它们的用法进行归纳、总结,以便学生能系统地掌握它们的用法。
1.except和besides都表示“除了……(之外)”,但含义不同,except表示“从所提及的人和物中除去,即从整体中除去一部分”,表示递减概念,含义是否定的。besides表示“除了……外,还有……”,指“在整体中加入一部分”,表示递加关系,含义是肯定的。
besides常与other / more / else 等词连用,except 常与all / every / everyone / none / nobody / everything / nothing 等词连用。
eg: I like all drinks except Whisky.
如果用于疑问句和否定句两种结构,两词则可通用。[1]
eg: The old man has nothing to live except / besides his pension.
eg: Except / Besides this dictionary, did you give me anything else?
2.except和 except for 都表示“除了……外,(不包括)”,但是except 通常用在概括性的词语后面,尤其是用在all, every, no, everything, anybody, nowhere, whole等词语的后面。
eg: He ate everything on his plate except the beans.
2.1Except for 则有两层的含义:
2.1.1表示对整体主要部分的肯定和局部的否定,起部分修正的作用。
eg: His article was quite excellent except for several spelling mistakes.
2.1.2表示对非同类事物进行的比较。
eg: The bus is empty except for an old woman.
2.2当except for 放在句首时,则可以同except 通用。
eg: Except for Tom, we have told everyone the news. = We have told everyone the news except Tom.
2.3在介词和连词前面用except, 而不用except for。
eg: He's good-looking except when he smiles.
eg: It's the same everywhere except in England.
2.4except 后面还可以接动词,但动词形式取决于前面出现的词语,若前面出现do的任何形式,通常用动词原形。
eg: He does nothing except eat all day. (does――eat)
eg: There isn't anything to do except wait to see what happens. (to do――wait)
3.but 和except 是同义,都表示递减的概念,虽然二者在多数情况下可互换,但用法稍有区别:
3.1but着重于整体,而except 则侧重的是除了的那一部分。
eg: I know all of them but one. (重点落在all上)
eg: I know all of them except one. (重点落在one上)
3.2except 可以代替but,但but 并不一定都可以代替except; 如果句中有all, no, nobody, who, where 等不定代词或疑问词时,多用but; 后面跟宾语从句时,多用except。[3]
eg: None but the brave deserve the fair.
eg: Who but James would do such a thing?
eg: I know nothing about the young lady except that she is from Beijing.
3.3but 和except 都可用动词不定式作宾语,但是,如果句中作谓语的动词是do,两者所用的不定式可以不带to,否则要带to。
eg: Our enemy did nothing but surrender.
eg: Tom did nothing except read his text.
eg: Our enemy had no choice but to surrender.
eg: There was nothing left except to read his text.
3.4but for 和except for 含义相同,表示“要不是……”“若非”,常用于虚拟语气,表示一种假设。
eg: But for the rain (=If it had not rained), we should have had a pleasant journey.
3.5but 位置的变化会引起人称代词主、宾格的变化。
eg: No one but I (=except me) know it.
eg: No one knows it but me (=except me).
4.apart from和aside from 二者都表示“除了……以外”之意。apart from有两种含义,即except和besides。因此,我们必须看它的具体用法:
4.1except (for); without considering“除了……以外,不包括”。
eg: Apart from his eyes, he is quite good-looking.
4.2besides; in addition to“除了……以外,还包括”。
eg: Apart from the violin, he plays the piano and flute.
aside from的用法和意义与apart from相同,只是它多用于美式英语中。
5.in addition to sb./sth.; as well as; as an extra person, thing; on top of sb./sth.: 这些短语表达的含义等同于besides,可译为“加之……”“除了……以外,还包括”。
eg: He lost his job and in addition to that his wife left him.
eg: On top of borrowing 50 yuan, he asked me to lend him my car.
eg: He gave me money as well as advice.
6.other than: 常用于否定词后,表示“除了……以外,不包括”,其用法同于except。
eg: She has no friends other than him.
eg: She never speak to me other than to ask for something.
other than的另一含义是“不同于……,而不” =different from; not 〔3〕
eg: I do not wish her other than she is.