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无论是从生物课上还是从相关的课外书上,你一定已经学到了很多关于人体的知识。那么,你知道你在吞咽食物的时候不能呼吸吗?你知道你此刻可能只在用一个鼻孔呼吸吗?你知道为什么有时你美美地大吃一顿心情就会变好吗?下面就来为你揭晓答案吧!

Swallow and Breathe

Fact: Humans are the only mammal that can't swallow and breathe at the same time.

Every other mammal, and many other non-mammalian animals, can breathe while they eat. In fact, human infants are also able to do so, which lets them breathe while they nurse1). We lose this ability around the age of 9 months, when our voice box2) drops as part of our development. As children and adults, the human voice box lays unusually low in the neck compared to other animals. This allows sound to resonate3) much more, which is why we are able to produce the wide range of sounds that makes up our speech.

Blood Vessels

Fact: Every pound of fat gained causes your body to make 7 new miles of blood vessels.

Knowing this, it's easy to see why obesity4) and heart disease often go together. Most of the new blood vessels are tiny capillaries5), but also include small veins6) and arteries7).

This means if you are "only" 10 pounds overweight your heart has to pump blood through an extra 70 miles of blood vessels. The good news is that this also works in reverse8). If you lose a pound of fat, your body will break down and reabsorb the no longer needed blood vessels. This is encouraging to dieters, as one pound does not seem like a lot to lose, but even that little bit of difference will result in a large benefit for your heart!

Redundant9) Nostril

Fact: You probably only breathe through one nostril at a time.

This happens in about 85% of people. The truly interesting thing about that is in those people the body will automatically switch between nostrils every four hours or so, although it can vary based on body position, illness or just from person to person. This is accomplished through erectile10) tissue11) in your nose. The erectile tissue will slowly swell12) up in one nostril, eventually blocking most of it while the tissue in the other one will shrink13), allowing for more air flow. It has been found that which side you are breathing from can have an effect on your body. If you are breathing from the right side, for example, your blood glucose14) levels will rise and you will use much more oxygen. Also, breathing through the right will cause higher activity in the left side of your brain and vise versa15).

Second Brain

Fact: You have a second brain in your gut16).

Well, sort of. You have around 100 million neurons17), more than those are in your spinal cord18), that line your gut from your esophagus19) to your anus20). This is known to scientists as the enteric21) nervous system. This second brain is incapable of conscious thought and is largely responsible for digestion, but it does more than that. Probably you've felt "butterflies" in your stomach or felt as if you've been punched in the gut when receiving bad news. That is caused by your enteric nervous system. This also plays a role in your overall mood. That's why certain foods can alter22) your mood and why bad situations or feelings often cause you to lose your appetite.

Forgetful

Fact: Where you make decisions has an effect on your memory.

Have you ever walked into a room and forgotten why you were there? And after that, have you ever noticed that you can sometimes remember if you go back through the doorway? There is actually a reason for that. Researchers have conducted several experiments on rooms and their effect on memory. Subjects in the study were divided into two groups and given a simple task while traveling the same distance. The only difference is one group went through a doorway and the other didn't. They found that people who traveled through the doorway were three times more likely to forget their task. Researchers concluded that our mind perceives23) doorways as "event boundaries" and that decisions you make in the room are "stored" there when you leave. That is also why you can remember if you go back into that room.

吞咽和呼吸

揭秘:人类是唯一不能同时吞咽和呼吸的哺乳动物。

其他任何一种哺乳动物和许多非哺乳动物都能边吃东西边呼吸。事实上,人类在婴儿时期也能做到这一点,边吃奶边呼吸。大约在九个月大时,我们会丧失这种能力。此时,作为生长发育的一个过程,我们的喉头位置会下移。与其他动物相比,儿童和成人的喉头在颈部的位置异常的低。这使得声音能产生更多的回响,而这就是为什么我们能发出构成我们语言的各种声音。

血管

揭秘:每多长一磅脂肪就会使体内多长出七英里长的血管。

知道了这点,就很容易理解为什么肥胖和心脏病常常相伴出现。大多数新长出的血管都是细小的毛细血管,但也包括小的静脉和动脉血管。

这意味着,如果你“仅”超重十磅,你的心脏就得为多出的70英里长的血管供血。好消息是这种情况反过来也成立。如果你减掉一磅的脂肪,你的身体就会分解、重新吸收不再需要的血管。这对节食者来说是极大的鼓舞,虽然减掉一磅看起来并没有减掉多少,但即使是这一点点的变化就会使心脏受益匪浅。

多余的鼻孔

揭秘:你很可能一次只用一个鼻孔呼吸。

这种情况发生在约85%的人身上。真正有趣的是,大约每隔四个小时,那些人的呼吸会自动在两个鼻孔之间切换,但由于不同姿势、患病与否或人的不同,这一时间会有所不同。这一切换过程是通过鼻内的组织来实现的。一个鼻孔内的组织会慢慢地鼓起,最终阻塞大部分鼻孔,而与此同时另一个鼻孔内的组织会收缩,让更多的空气流动。人们已经发现,用不同的鼻孔呼吸会对你的身体产生一定的影响。例如,如果你用右鼻孔呼吸,你的血糖值就会升高,你就会消耗更多的氧气。而且,用右鼻孔呼吸还会使你的左脑更活跃,反之亦然。

第二大脑

揭秘:你的肠胃内有个第二大脑。

呃,某种意义上是这样。从食管到的消化道中约有一亿个神经细胞,比脊髓中的神经细胞还要多。这就是科学家所共知的肠内神经系统。第二大脑不能进行有意识的思考,主要负责消化,但它的功能不止于此。当听到坏消息时,你很可能曾感到心里七上八下或感到好像胃被重击了一下。那正是由你的肠内神经系统引起的。它还可以影响你的整体情绪,而这正是为什么某些食物能够改变你的心情,而糟糕的情况或感觉常常会让你失去食欲。

健忘

揭秘:你做决定的地点会影响你的记忆。

你曾走进一个房间却忘了为什么去那儿吗?而在那之后,你是否注意到,有时当你转身再次走过那个门口时你又突然想起了去那个房间的目的?实际上这其中确有原因。研究者们进行了一些关于房间及其对记忆的影响的实验。参与实验的人被分为两组,要求走同样远的距离,并在其间完成一个简单的任务。唯一的区别在于一组穿过了一道门而另一组没有。研究者们发现穿过门的那组忘记任务的可能性是另一组的三倍。研究者们得出结论:我们的大脑把门当作“事件的分界线”,当你离开的时候,你在房间内做的决定就“储存”在那里了。这也是为什么当你返回那个房间时你就能记起来。

1. nurse [n??s] vi. (婴儿)吃奶

2. voice box: 【解】喉

3. resonate [?rez?ne?t] vi. 回响

4. obesity [???bi?s?ti] n. (过度)肥胖

5. capillary [k??p?l?ri] n. 【解】毛细管

6. vein [ve?n] n. 静脉;血管

7. artery [?ɑ?t?ri] n. 【解】动脉

8. in reverse: 向相反方向

9. redundant [r??d?nd?nt] adj. 多余的

10. erectile [??rekta?l] adj. 【生理】能的

11. tissue [?t??u?] n. 【生】组织

12. swell [swel] vi. 凸起,鼓起

13. shrink [?r??k] vi. 收缩

14. glucose [?ɡlu?k??s] n. 【生化】葡萄糖

15. vise versa: 反之亦然

16. gut [ɡ?t] n. 肠;胃;消化道

17. neuron [?nj??r?n] n. 【解】神经元,神经细胞

18. spinal cord: 【解】脊髓

19. esophagus [i?s?f?ɡ?s] n. 【解】食管

20. anus [?e?n?s] n. 【解】

21. enteric [en?ter?k] adj. 肠的,肠内的

22. alter [???lt?(r)] vt. 改变

23. perceive [p??si?v] vt. 认为