词义猜测题解题技巧点拨

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词义猜测题是高考英语阅读理解部分的重要题型，也是高考英语阅读理解的必考题型。本文将结合近几年高考英语真题，介绍几种实用的词义猜测题解题方法，帮助同学们轻松应对这一题型。

利用连词的逻辑性进行推断

连词具有很强的逻辑性，利用连词的逻辑性可以理清划线词与邻近信息之间的逻辑关系，并据此推断划线词的意思。例如：

1. What do the words "a replica" in Paragraph 2 refer to？ （2012年全国卷II）

A. A painting of the skeleton.

B. A photograph of Lucy.

C. A copy of the skeleton.

D. A written record of Lucy.

【原文】The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital， Addis Ababa， is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.

【解析】正确答案是C。划线词所在句子的句意为：位于首都亚的斯亚贝巴的埃塞俄比亚国家博物馆展出的露西骨架是仿制品，而真正的残骸通常锁在秘密的储藏室中。认真分析这个句子可以发现，连词while在这里表示对比，因此划线部分a replica与the real remains应为反义关系，四个选项中只有C项中的copy （仿制品）符合此逻辑。

2. The underlined word "modest" in Paragraph 3 most probably means ______. （2012年陕西卷）

A. relatively high B. extremely low

C. relatively low D. extremely high

【原文】The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure.

【解析】正确答案是C。划线词所在句子的句意为：这两项研究的作者都强调这些风险对于健康人来说相对较小，当然与其他诸如吸烟、高血压等风险因素相比风险性也相对较低。对modest这个词，同学们比较熟悉其作形容词表“谦虚的”的用法，但这个词在这里显然不是这个用法。划线词前的连词and表示并列，由此可知certainly modest和与之并列的relatively small意思相近，四个选项中只有C项relatively low符合语境。B项虽有low这层含义，但是extremely太过绝对，不符合语境。

利用语句的感彩进行推断

在描述某事物或表达某个观点时，作者所用的语句通常会保持同一种肯定或否定的感彩，因此也可利用与划线词邻近语句的感彩来帮助推断词意。例如：

1. The underlined word "swimmingly" in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____. （2011年广东卷）

A. early B. sweetly

C. quickly D. smoothly

【原文】Can dogs and cats live in perfect harmony in the same home？ People who are thinking about adopting a dog as a friend for their cats are worried that they will fight. A recent research has found a new recipe of success. According to the study， if the cat is adopted before the dog， and if they are introduced when still young （less than 6 months for cats， a year for dogs）， it is highly probable that the two pets will get along swimmingly. Two-thirds of the homes interviewed reported a positive relationship between their cat and dog.

【解析】正确答案是D。划线词所在句子的句意为：根据这项研究，如果猫比狗先被收养，并且如果它们在很小的时候（猫小于六个月的时候，狗小于一岁的时候）就互相认识了，那么这两个宠物很有可能会相处得很好。原文中的in perfect harmony、a new recipe of success和a positive relationship均表示肯定的语气，暗示狗和猫这两种动物在特定条件下可以愉快相处。由此可以推断出swimmingly意为“顺利地；极好地”，四个选项中只有smoothly与其意思最相近。

2. Which of the following words can best take the place of the word "relish" in the second paragraph？ （2010年新课标卷）

A. choose B. enjoy

C. prepare for D. carry on

【原文】I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car， so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed and sat down to read my Economies.

【解析】正确答案是B。划线词所在句子的句意为：我不怎么享受火车的漫长旅程，就带了一打杂志，读了又读。通过原文中的had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread、not one familiar face和I sighed可以看出，作者对这次在火车上的旅程有一种负面的感彩。由此可以推断作者并不是特别享受这段漫长的旅程，所以relish在此句中的意思应为“享受”，四个选项中只有enjoy有这层含义。

利用用法介绍或特点描述等进行推断

在有些情况下，划线词附近的信息是对划线词的用法介绍或是特点描述，对猜测划线词的意思有着明确的指向性。例如：

1. The underlined word "rainbow" in the last paragraph refers to _____. （2010年浙江卷）

A. the rainbow in the sky

B. the stripes on the pavement

C. something imaginative and fun

D. important lessons learned in childhood

【原文】Though years have now passed， I still wonder where my rainbow has gone. I wonder if， maybe when I get older， I can find my rainbow and never have to brush it away. I guess we all need some sort of rainbow to brighten our lives from time to time and to keep our hopes and dreams colorful.

【解析】正确答案是C。划线词所在句子的句意为：我觉得我们都需要某种幻想来时不时地照亮我们的人生，让我们的希望和梦想永远绚烂多姿。原文中最后一句话中的to brighten our lives from time to time and to keep our hopes and dreams colorful是对rainbow用途的介绍：rainbow可以照亮人生，让希望和梦想丰富多彩。因此可以推断rainbow在此不是实指天空中的彩虹，而是具有抽象的含义，指有想象力的、有趣的东西。四个选项中只有C项符合题意。

2. The word "shoot" underlined in the 2nd passage probably means "_________". （2010年安徽卷）

A. send for B. move quickly

C. come out D. grow quickly

【原文】"Switching off" gravity would be like letting go of the string. Things not attached to the Earth would fly off in a straight line. People in buildings would suddenly shoot upwards at a great speed until they hit the ceiling. Most things outside would fly off into space.

【解析】正确答案是B。划线词所在句子的句意为：建筑物里的人会突然快速地向上腾空飞起，直到撞上房顶。同学们对shoot这个词，比较熟知其表“射击”的含义，但该含义在此显然不符合语境。仔细分析我们可以发现，句中的suddenly、upwards和at a great speed都是对shoot这一动作的力度和特点的描述，由此可以推出shoot在此的意思是“向上突然快速地移动”，四个选项中只有B项move quickly意思和它最相近。

利用形象的表达进行推断

有些阅读理解文章中的划线词是一些非常形象的表达，读起来自然幽默，因此结合划线词本身的常见含义及其所在句子的句意完全可猜测出其词义。例如：

1. The underlined word "burning" in Para. 3 probably means ___________. （2012年北京卷）

A. annoyed B. ashamed

C. ready D. eager

【原文】Weeks later， standing before this unfriendly mass， I was totally lost. Oh well， I lowered the paper and sat down at my desk， burning to find out what I had done wrong. As a classmate began his report， it all became clear， "My report is on George Washington， the man who started the American Revolution."

【解析】正确答案是D。划线词所在句子的句意为：好吧，我放下报告坐在课桌旁，急切地要找出我做错的地方。动词burn有“燃烧”的意思，此处的burning是其现在分词形式，是一个很形象的表达，说明作者此刻想找出错误的心情像着了火一样，迫不及待，刻不容缓。理解了这层含义就不难推断出burning在这里表示“急切的，热切的”，四个选项中只有D项eager可以表达这层含义。

2. What does the word "residents" in Paragraph 1 probably refer to？ （2011年新课标卷）

A. chickens B. tomatoes

C. gardens D. people

【原文】Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband's income. So this year she did something more than a hobby： She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden， Ms. Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants， and five rows of a variety of vegetables. The family's old farm house has become a chicken house， its residents arriving next month.

【解析】正确答案是A。划线词所在句子的句意为：他们家的旧农场已经成了一个养鸡场，下个月养鸡场的“居民”就到了。Resident的原意是“居民”，在这里是一种形象的表达，养鸡场的“居民”自然只能是小鸡（chickens）了。

作者简介：

郝昌明，江苏省如皋市第一中学高级教师，从事高三英语教学工作多年，发表多篇中学英语教学相关文章。