把脉二十组易混连词

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`连词按其性质,分为并列连词和从属连词,考点分布在单项选择､完形填空和短文改错中｡《英语教学大纲》和《考试大纲》语法项目表中对连词的考查是这样描述的:掌握词汇表中所列连词的用法｡即要求考生分析句子成分,把握语境和逻辑关系,恰当选择合适连词,使句意通顺,逻辑清楚｡连接代词或连接副词用于名词性从句,统称连接词｡此文结合典型考例及经典题目对易混连(接)词一并加以辨析｡

一､特殊并列连词while/when

例1. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel _______ I heard the steps. (2006年高考湖南卷)

A. while

B. when

C. since

D. after

例2.I’d like to study law at university _______ my cousin prefers geography. (2007年高考四川卷)

A. thoughB. as

C. while

D. for

[答案与解析]B､C｡作并列连词时,when/while用法较为特殊,二者区别是:while表两相对照;而when表突然､在那时,常见于be about to do...when和hardly...when等句型中｡

二､表示原因的连词for/because/as/since

例3.He found it increasingly difficult to read, _____ his eyesight was beginning to fail.(2006年高考北京卷)

A. and

B. for

C. but

D. or

例4.Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, ______ this was a memory she especially treasured. (2006年高考广东卷)

A. as

B. if

C. when

D. where

例5.Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses ________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.(2004年高考上海卷)

A. because B. though

C. unless

D. if

例6._____ everybody knows about it, I don’t want to talk any more.

A. For

B. Even

C. Since

D. However

[答案与解析]B､A､A､C｡引导原因状语从句,as/because/ since/ for的区别是:because语势最强,用来说明人所未知的原因,回答why提出的问题,可置于强调句中且其前可加修饰语; since是双方都知晓原因或经过分析而得之的原因,语气次之;for是并列连词,前用逗号隔开,表逻辑推理或补充说明;as语气最弱,原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,即已知原因,所引导的分句可置于句首｡

三､并列连词but/yet/though

例7. Excuse me for breaking in, ______ I have some news for you.

A. so

B. and

C. but

D. yet

[答案与解析]C｡but和yet 是连词,可等同使用,但也有区别｡yet与and连用,构成and yet,但but却无此用法;在“Excuse me/I’m sorry/I hope you don’t mind…but”中,只用but,不用yet｡因为在表示对照或对立时,but较为轻松自然;而yet却较为强烈,常出人意料;though作并列连词时,只能引导分句且其前须加逗号｡例:I’ll try to come, though I don’t think I shall manage it.

四､引导名词性从句的从属连词that/whether/if

例8.The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (2007 年高考上海卷)

A. when

B. why

C. whether

D. that

例9.We haven’t settled the question of _____ it is necessary for him to study abroad. ( 2006年高考江苏卷)

A. if

B. where

C. whetherD. that

[答案与解析]D､C｡引导名词性从句的从属连词that与whether的区别是:句子成分完整且表意确定时选用that连接,句意不确定时选用whether/if连接;借助it,将真正主语或宾语后置,构成“It…that”句型,但whether/if不可;下列情形用whether不用if:与or not 连用,中间无其他词隔开;作介词宾语;在主语从句､表语从句和同位语从句中｡例:

Whether we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

五､表示比较的从属连词what/as

例10. Engines are to machines ______ hearts are to animals. (2006年高考山东卷)

A. as

B. that

C. what

D. which

例11._____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.(2005年高考浙江卷)

A. WhenB. After

C. As

D. Since

例12.What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is ________ it is long.(2005年高考湖北卷)

A. half not as wide as

B. wide not as half as

C. not half as wide as

D. as wide as not half

[答案与解析]C､C､C｡what用作从属连词,表比较,用于A is to B what C is to D结构中;而as表示原级比较,常用于as...as结构中,程度修饰语应置于第一个as之前,嵌入的形容词或副词使用原级｡另外as还表“正如､按照”,引导方式状语从句｡

六､表示条件的从属连词if /unless/as long as/once

例13. ________ I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.

A. Even thoughB. UnlessC. As long asD. While

例14.Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water ____ they are not managed carefully.(2007年高考上海卷)

A. though

B. before

C. until

D. if

例15.You will be successful in the interview ____ you have confidence. (2007年高考福建卷)

A. before

B. once

C. until

D. though

例16.I won’t call you, _____ something unexpected happens.(2007年考全国卷)

A. unlessB. whether C. becauseD. while

[答案与解析]C､D､B､A｡表条件的连词if/unless/as long as/unless在用法上存在一些差异｡as long as用法同only if/on condition that,强调某事的发生以另一事件的发生为前提;if为正面条件,可能会产生好的或坏的结果,若某种条件产生坏的结果,此时的if可用as long as替换; unless为反面条件,表示除非,如果不,故在真实条件句中常和if…not换用;once既表时间,又包含条件,译作一旦｡

七､表示让步的从属连词although/when/while

例17. We had to wait half an hour _______ we had already booked a table. (2007年高考辽宁卷)

A. sinceB. although

C. until

D. before

例18.______I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. (2007年高考山东卷)

A. As

B. Since

C. If

D. While

[答案与解析]B､D｡although/when/while均可表示让步,后两者的用法较为特殊｡although/though引导让步状语从句时不与but和yet连用;而while却表示“部分接受,但并非全部”,或用于“强调两种情况､活动等之间的差距”;when也可表示虽然,尽管,同even if,常置于句末｡例:

(1) While I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.

(2)He walks when he might take a taxi.

八､从属连词so that/in case

例19. I’d like to arrive 20 minutes early ______ I can have time for a cup of tea.(2005年高考北京卷)

A. as soon as

B. as a result

C. in case

D. so that

例20.Leave your key with a neighbor ________ you lock yourself out one day. (2007年高考北京卷)

A. ever sinceB. even ifC. sooner afterD. in case

[答案与解析]D､D｡so that既表示结果又表示目的｡若置于主句后,用逗号隔开常表结果;与情态动词连用常表目的｡in case表示假设,译作“万一”｡例:I always take something to read when I go to the doctor’s in case I have to wait.

九､关联连词so/such…that

例21. Pop music is such an important part of society ______it has even influenced our language.(2007年高考上海卷)

A. as

B. that

C. whichD. where

例22. ______homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest. (2006年高考福建卷)

A. So muchB. Too muchC. Too littleD. So little

[答案与解析]B､A｡关联连词so/such…that(如此……以致), 只表结果,置于句首时,主句要部分倒装;so为副词,后续形容词或副词｡such后续名词,名词前可接限定词;such that可表程度｡例:Her cruelty is such that we all hate her.

十､表原因的从属连词now that/in that

例23. _______ you’ve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.

A. Now thatB. AfterC. AlthoughD. As soon as

[答案与解析] A｡now that既然,从now可知,使用时应注意时间;in that表“在于”,属正式用语,不置于句首｡例:Human beings are different from animals in that they can use language as a tool to communicate.

十一､表时间的从属连词when/while/as

例24.― I’m going to the post office.

― ___ you’re there, can you get me some stamps?

A. As

B. WhileC. Because

D. If

例25.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _______ Father was away in France.

A. as

B. that

C. during

D. if

例26.―Where’s that report?

―I brought it to you ________ you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. (2007年高考北京卷)

A. if

B. when

C. because

D. before

[答案与解析]B､A､B｡when/while/as用法区别是:主从句动作先后发生用when;两个较长动作同时发生用while,从句谓语动词为延续性动词,还可译作“趁着”;特别强调主从句动作同时发生时用as,译作“一边……一边”……, as还可表“随着”｡例:

(1)Strike while the iron is hot.

(2)As the day went on, the weather got worse.

十二､表时间的从属连词since/until/before

例27. It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ______ we’ve actually had that lesson. (2007年高考天津卷)

A. until

B. after

C. sinceD. when

例28.That was really a splendid evening. It’s years _______ I enjoyed myself so much.(2005年高考安徽卷)

A. when

B. that

C. before D. since

[答案与解析]A､D｡since\until\before强调的时间不尽相同,since表示“自从……以来”,until表示“直到……为止”,before表示“在……之前”; 若主句谓语动词为非延续性动词的否定式,使用until和before基本上没有区别｡例:He didn’t leave until/before the rain stopped.

十三､表时间的从属连词before/after

例29. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time _______we meet them again. (2007年高考安徽卷)

A. after

B. before

C. since

D. when

[答案与解析]B｡连词before和after表示时间的差异是:before表“在……之前”,此词在具体语境中有不同含义,可译作“宁愿､不知不觉､要不然､否则”等｡尤见于“It will be/was+时间+before …”句型中;而after表“在……之后”,与before相反｡

十四､表示时间的句型It’s+时间+when/since/before/

that中连词

例30. ―Did Jack come early last night?

―Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock _______he arrived home.(2005年高考福建卷)

A. before

B. when

C. that

D. until

例31.It wasn’t until nearly a month later ______ I

received the manager’s reply. (2005年高考全国卷Ⅰ)

A. since

B. when

C. as

D. that

[答案与解析] B､D｡例30题考查从属连词,涉及句式结构“It’s…when”从句的用法｡when常接在时间名词之后｡句意:他到家时还不到八点｡

注意句型It’s+时间+when/since/before/that中连词的选择｡若将it､be动词和连接词删除,整个句子句意完整,那么此句为强调句,否则为时间状语从句或名词性从句｡

十五､关联连词no sooner…than…/hardly…when…

例32. ―Did Linda see the traffic accident?

―No, no sooner ____than it happened.(2006年天津卷)

A. had she gone

B. she had gone

C. has she gone

D. she has gone

[答案与解析] A｡no sooner…than …和hardly…when…相当于as soon as之意,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词用过去完成时｡置于句首时,主句的谓语要部分倒装｡例:Hardly had he got into the room when the telephone rang.

十六､however/ no matter how

例33. This is a very interesting book. I’ll buy it, ____. (2006年高考陕西卷)

A. how much may it cost

B. it may cost

C. however much it may cost

D. how may it cost

[答案与解析]C｡howeve/no matter how的区别是:前者可引导名词性从句和让步状语从句,而后者只能引导状语从句｡另外,however还可用作连接副词,与标点符号连用,表示然而｡例:“Maybe I should drop out,” I thought as I moved on. However, I decided to keep going.

十七､even if/as if

例34.Allow children the space to voice their opinions, _____ they are different from your own. (2005年高考湖南卷)

A. untilB. even ifC. unlessD. as though

[答案与解析]B｡even if与as if只是形似,意义上差别很大｡前者引导让步状语从句,用法同even though;后者引导方式状语从句,表“似乎”｡例:

Elize remember everything exactly as if it happened yesterday.

十八､引导名词性从句连接词what/that

例35. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006年高考天津卷)

A. that

B. which

C. until

D. if

例36._____ matters most in learning English is enough practice. (2007年高考全国卷Ⅱ)

A. What

B. Why

C. WhereD. Which

[答案与解析]A､A｡what与that区别是:前者担任句子成分,有一定意义;后者不担任句子成分,无具体意义,只起连接作用,宾语从句中常省略,其他从句中不可省略｡

十九､引导定语从句的when/since when

例37.The book was written in 1946, _______ the education system has witnessed great changes. (2007年高考山东卷)

A. when

B. during which

C. since then

D. since when

[答案与解析]D｡前后句用逗号隔开,为主从关系,排除选项C;从定语和句时态上考虑,只有since常与完成时连用,故排除选项A和B｡when除用作关系副词引导定语从句外,还可用作代词,和介词since/by等连用,可引起疑问句或定语从句｡例: Since when has the country been open to internal trade? (2007年高考陕西卷)

二十､引导名词性从句连接词what/which

例38.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind _____to buy.

A. what

B. which

C. how

D. where

例39.It is none of your business ______other people think about you. Believe yourself. (2007年福建卷)

A. how

B. what

C. which D. when

[答案与解析]B､B｡what与which共同点是均可指“什么”,担任句子成分,起连接作用;不同点是:what指不定范围的“什么”,而which指一定范围内的“什么”,常译作“哪一个”｡