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曾几何时,连词“so”低调地潜藏在句子中间,不会轻易露头。而如今,它已经不再满足于默默无闻地连接句子,而是跳到了句首,用以表达许多不同的意义:它可以表示过渡,可以表示说话人的自信,可以表达逻辑关系,可以体现对听者的关注……真是小词汇有大门道。
So this is about the word “so.”
There, I did it. And if you speak English for work or pleasure, there is a fair chance that you’ve done it, too.
“So” may be the new “well,” “um,” “oh” and “like.” No longer content to lurk1) in the middle of sentences, it has jumped to the beginning, where it can portend2) many things: transition, certitude3), logic, attentiveness, a major insight.
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton: “So it’s not only because we believe that universal values support human rights being recognized and respected, but we think that it’s in the best interest for economic growth and political stability. So we believe that.”
A dispatch4) on National Public Radio5), in which a quarter of the sentences began with “so”: “So it’s, I think, the fifth largest in the nation. So, but now that’s the population in general. So there are sort of two, there are two things that are circumstantial ...”
A quotation in a report from Channel NewsAsia6), based in Singapore: “They (elephants) have got nowhere to move and people have encroached7) on them. So we negotiate with the people to move from the land. So what we do—we buy the land, build them houses off the corridors and give them exactly the same amount of arable8) land back ...”
One can dredge up9) ancient instances of “so” as a sentence starter. In his 14th-century poem Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer10) launched a verse with, “So on a day he leyde him doun to slepe....” But for most of its life, “so” has principally been a conjunction, an intensifier and an adverb.
What is new is its status as the favored introduction to thoughts, its encroachment on the territory of “well,” “oh,” “um” and their ilk11).
So it is widely believed that the recent ascendancy12) of “so” began in Silicon Valley. The journalist Michael Lewis13) picked it up when researching his 1999 book The New New Thing: “When a computer programmer answers a question,” he wrote, “he often begins with the word ‘so.’ ” Microsoft employees have long argued that the “so” boom began with them.
In the software world, it was a tic14) that made sense. In immigrant-filled technology firms, it democratized talk by replacing a world of possible transitions with a catchall15). And “so” suggested a kind of thinking that appealed to problem-solving software types16): conversation as a logical, unidirectional process—if this, then that.
This logical tinge to “so” has followed it out of software. Compared to “well” and “um,” starting a sentence with “so” uses the whiff17) of logic to relay authority. Whereas “well” vacillates18), “so” declaims.
To answer a question with “so” better suits the age, perhaps: an age in which a Google-glued generation can look it up, while their parents would have said “I don’t know”; in which Facebook and Twitter encourage ordinary people—not just politicians—to stay on message; in which we are gravitating toward declamatory blogs and away from down-the-middle reporting.
“So” also echoes the creeping influence of science- and data-driven culture. It would have been unimaginable a few decades ago that ordinary people would quantify daily activities like eating and sleeping, or that software would calculate what songs we will like.
But in the algorithmic19) times that have come, “so” conveys an algorithmic certitude. It suggests that there is a right answer, which the evidence dictates and which must not be contradicted. Among its synonyms, after all, are “consequently,” “thus” and “therefore.”
And yet Galina Bolden, a linguistics scholar who has studied of recorded ordinary conversations and has written academic papers on the use of “so,” believes that “so” is also about the culture of empathy20) that is gaining steam21) as the world embraces the increasing complexity of human backgrounds and geographies.
To begin a sentence with “oh,” she said, is to focus on what you have just remembered and your own concerns. To begin with “so,” she said, is to signal that one’s coming words are chosen for their relevance to the listener.
The ascendancy of “so,” Dr. Bolden said, “suggests that we are concerned with displaying interest for others and downplaying our interest in our own affairs.”
“So” seems also to reflect our fraught relationship with time.
Today we live in fragments. You may be reading this column while toggling22) among your cellphone, iPad and laptop while eating lunch and proofreading a report. In such a world, “so” defragments, with its promise that what is coming next follows what just came, said Michael Erard, the author of Um ... : Slips, Stumbles, and Verbal Blunders23), and What They Mean.
The rise of “so,” he said, is “another symptom that our communication and conversational lives are chopped up and discontinuous in actual fact, but that we try in several ways to sew them together—or ‘so’ them together—in order to create a continuous experience.”
Perhaps we all live now in fear that a conversation could snap24) at any moment, could be interrupted by so many rival offerings. With “so” we beg to be heard. We insist, time and again, that this is it; this is what you’ve been waiting to hear; this is the “so” moment.
So (喏),这篇文章要说说“so”这个词。
看到没,我就是这么说的。假如你说英语,不管是为了工作还是娱乐,你极有可能也这样说过。
“So”可能是“well”(那么)、“um”(呃)、“oh”(噢)、“like”(比如)等词的新替代品。它已经不再满足于潜藏在句子中间,而是跳到了句首,用来表明许多意义,如过渡、肯定、逻辑、关注或是一个主要观点。
美国国务卿希拉里·罗德姆·克林顿曾说:“So (可以说),这不仅仅是因为我们相信普世价值观支持对人权的承认与尊重,而且还因为我们认为它对经济增长和政治稳定有着莫大的益处。So (因此)我们相信这一点。”
美国国家公共广播电台了一则新闻,其中四分之一的句子是以“so”开头的:“So (那么),我认为,它在全国是排第五位的。So (呃),不过那是通常而言的数量。So (可以说),有两种……有两种东西是要视情况而定的……”
下面是位于新加坡的亚洲新闻台在一篇报道中引述的一段话:“它们(大象)已无路可走,人类已扩张到它们的地盘上。So (所以)我们就和人们商议,要他们从这片土地上搬走。So (那么)我们做的是——把土地买下来,在走廊地带之外给他们建新房,并且给他们提供同样面积的可耕地……”
我们还可以翻出“so”作为句首词的一些古老的例子。在乔叟14世纪的《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》一诗中,其中一节的开头是这样写的:“So (于是)有一天他躺下睡觉……”但在“so”的使用历史上,大部分情况下它是用作连词、强调词和副词。
新鲜之处在于它的地位变化,即人们喜欢用它来引出自己的想法,在于它入侵了诸如“well”(那么)、“oh”(噢)、“um”(呃)等词的领地。
So (可以说),人们普遍认为,最近“so”获得的这种支配地位始于硅谷。记者迈克尔·刘易斯在为他1999年的著作《新新事物》一书做研究时偶然发现了这一现象,他写道:“计算机程序员回答问题时,常常会使用‘so’来开头。”微软员工长久以来一直认为“so”的流行始于他们。
在软件世界里,它曾是一个很有意义的口头语。技术公司里移民众多,通过用一个万能词来替代无数的过渡词,“so”使得人人都能加入交谈。“So”所体现的思维方式对于问题解决型的软件人员很有吸引力:交谈是一种单向的逻辑过程——如果A,那么B。
从软件世界走出后,“so”的逻辑色彩仍然存在。和“well”以及“um”相比,以“so”开始一个句子,说话人能利用该词具有的一丝逻辑性来转达权威性。说“well”显得犹豫不定,说“so”却显得底气十足。
也许,用“so”来回答问题更适合如今这个时代:在这个时代,处处依赖谷歌的一代人可以查找这个问题,而他们的父母却只能回答“我不知道”;在这个时代,Facebook和Twitter鼓励普通人——而不仅仅是政界人士——时刻保持信息畅通;在这个时代,我们都对慷慨陈词的博客趋之若鹜,对中庸平淡的报道敬而远之。
“So”也反应出这个由科学和数据驱动的文化所产生的潜移默化的影响。如今,普通人可以量化诸如吃饭、睡觉等日常活动,我们喜欢什么歌曲也可以通过软件计算出来,这些在几十年前简直无法想象。
但在已经到来的算法时代,“so”表达的是一种算法上的确定性。它表明存在一个正确答案,有证据支撑,不容辩驳。毕竟,在它的同义词中有“consequently”(结果)、“thus”(从而)、“therefore”(所以)这些词。
语言学家加林娜·博尔登对日常会话的录音进行了研究,并写出了几篇关于“so”的用法的学术论文。她认为“so”的使用也与“同理心”文化有关,在世界欣然接受其日趋复杂的人文背景和地理环境时,这种文化正变得越来越热门。
她指出,如果你以“oh”开始一句话,你是把重点放在了你刚刚想起的事和你自己关注的内容上。而以“so”开头,则表明某人要说的话是为了与听者相关而有所选择的。
博尔登博士指出,“so”的流行“表明我们关心的是对他人表示出兴趣,同时降低对自身事务的兴趣。”
“So”似乎也反映了我们与时间之间的紧张关系。
如今我们生活在时间碎片中。你也许正在阅读这个专栏,同时在玩弄着自己的手机、iPad和笔记本电脑,同时还在吃着午饭,还在校对一篇报道。正如《呃:口误、结巴和语病及其意义》一书的作者迈克尔·埃拉尔所言,在这样一个世界里,“so”可以起到“化解碎片”的作用,它承诺即将要说的话是随着刚刚说过的话而来的。
他指出,“so”的崛起又一次表明我们的交际和会话生活在现实中已变得支离破碎,失去了连贯性,但我们正尝试使用不同方法将其连在一起——或者说用“so”将其连在一起——以创造一种连贯的体验。
也许我们都生活在担忧中,怕我们的交谈会突然中断,或者被许多干扰因素的打断。通过使用“so”,我们恳求对方倾听。我们一次又一次地坚称,这就是重点,这就是你一直希望听到的话,这就是“so”打头阵的时刻。
1. lurk [l??(r)k] vi. 埋伏,潜藏
2. portend [p??(r)?tend] vt. 预示,表明
3. certitude [?s??(r)t?tju?d] n. 确信,自信
4. dispatch [d??sp?t?] n. 新闻报道
5. National Public Radio:美国国家公共广播电台,成立于1970年。
6. Channel NewAsia:亚洲新闻台,一家以报道亚太新闻为主的电视频道,开播于1999年3月1日,位于新加坡。
7. encroach [?n?kr??t?] vi. 侵犯,侵占
8. arable [??r?b(?)l] adj. 可耕作的
9. dredge up:发掘,追忆
10. Chaucer:即杰弗里·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer, 1343~1400),英国作家,代表作为《坎特伯雷故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)。上文中的诗歌《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)为乔叟在1385年所写。
11. ilk [?lk] n. 类;辈
12. ascendency [??send?nsi] n. 优势,支配地位
13. Michael Lewis:迈克尔·刘易斯(1960~),美国当代报告文学作家、财经记者
14. tic [t?k] n. 口头语;不自觉的习惯行为
15. catchall [?k?t???l] n. 包罗万象的事物
16. type [ta?p] n. 〈口〉具有某种特点的人;古怪的人
17. whiff [w?f] n. 一点点,些许
18. vacillate [?v?s?le?t] vi. 犹豫,摇摆不定
19. algorithmic [??lɡ??r??m?k] adj. [数]算法的;规则系统的
20. empathy [?emp?θi] n. 同情;同感;共鸣
21. steam [sti?m] n. 〈口〉力量,势力
22. toggle [?t?ɡ(?)l] vi. 切换
23. blunder [?bl?nd?(r)] n. (由于愚蠢、无知、粗心等造成的)大错
24. snap [sn?p] vi. 突然中断,突然停止