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华君武情系杭州

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这是2006年金秋时节,91岁高龄的我国著名漫画家华君武来到他心中的故乡――杭州

虽然行动不便和旅途劳顿,但他欣然参加了西湖文化活动,还坐着轮椅重访了离别70多年儿时住过的龙翔里,参观了儿时就读过的小学――如今的行知幼儿园,并再次乘环湖电瓶车欣赏美丽的西子湖风光,还在老牌饭庄王润兴――皇饭儿品尝了正宗的杭州饭菜。

华老对杭州情有独钟。他深情地说:“杭州是生我养我的地方,我是地道的杭州人,1915年出生在祖庙巷,祖籍无锡的父亲留学日本,学习制药,后在浙江医药专科学校任系主任。小时候我家经常搬家,住过龙翔里、住过红门局。小学是在红门小学和杭州第二高小上的,中学则转过三个学校:杭二中(那时大概叫惠兰中学)、安定中学和省立一中。”

幼年华君武争胜好强,好打抱不平。读小学时路上常有个恶棍欺负弱小,华君武也受到过欺负,但他总是遇到欺侮就抗争,力虽不敌而从不惧怕。当时日本领事馆设在石函路一带,他和同学常到那里参加反日游行,高喊反对日本迫我签订二十一条的口号。在杭州第二高小时,他又和同学去一公园至六公园一带的店铺门口张贴“抵制日货”的标语。1931年,“九一八”日本侵占东三省,成立洲国,省立第一初级中学成立了义勇军,他和同学们每天持棍操练,响应东北抗日义勇军号召。

13岁那年华君武的父亲去世,全家靠着舅舅家生活。社会的黑暗和动乱、家庭的不幸,使华君武幼小心灵受到很大震动,深深感到封建军阀、帝国主义的可恶。他还清楚记得,军阀孙传芳进杭州的那一天,正是雷峰塔倒塌的那一天。

谈起往事,华君武感叹道:“杭州没有给我带来多少幸福,但现在回想起来都是美好的。”他没有忘记15岁那年,他画了生平的第一张漫画发表在就读的浙江省立一中的校刊上,画的是一个中学生打防疫针时装鬼脸的滑稽相。之后,他便连续向当时的《浙江日报》投了200张漫画稿,结果只刊出一张,画的题目是《江南可采莲,莲叶何田田》,并第一次领到一元大洋的稿费,不过要交三分钱的印花税,可当时他衣兜里找不出一分钱来,最后由报社报税,付给他九角七分钱。这张漫画的发表对他影响很大,不仅给了他信心,还让他知道了应该如何创作。

美丽的西湖当然是华老念念不忘的。小时候,他身体不大好。每逢周末,他常跟堂兄去爬山,专拣无路处攀登。暑假时,每天早晨经白堤、苏堤环湖长跑一圈。清晨的西湖边人少、空气好,朝霞染红东方的时候,真是美极了。

在省立一中毕业考试时,有位同学作弊受到老师辱骂。华君武以老师不能侮辱学生人格为由,要求老师不要开除那位同学,此举得到班上其他同学的支持。结果那位同学保住了学籍,而他却以起哄之罪名遭到开除,竟然没有拿到毕业证书。华老说:“要是没有被省立一中开除,说不定我还不会离开杭州呢。”开除后华老就到了上海就读,然后便浪迹天涯到处为家,奔延安、进东北、上北京,他为追寻真理、为中国的漫画事业孜孜以求。

几十年的革命、创作生涯,长期的北方生活,华老始终没有忘记心中的故乡。他认为西湖的风景和古迹名胜,除了有一种中国独有的风格美以外,它还无声地在教育我们要懂得美丑、善恶,要我们精忠报国,爱护乡土。

从上个世纪80年代开始,华老为《浙江日报》《钱江晚报》画了许多幅漫画,其中有不少是以西湖为题材的漫画,这得益于他青少年时代杭州生活的积累,画得有情有景,生动有趣。华老和我合作的《文画缘》一书中,就有10幅这方面的画,如《人鸟之间》《踏雪孤山寻梅图》《林和靖寻子》《西湖风景美,龙井变了味》《施教头会见杭铁头》等,这些漫画将人人皆知的西湖传统题材融入了讽刺和规劝之中,我也为这些漫画作过简要的评析。在《踏雪孤山寻梅图》中我写下了这样一段文字:“‘三年闷闷在余杭,曾为梅花醉几场。伍相庙边繁似雪,孤山园里丽如妆。’这是白居易的诗作,从中可以领悟到西湖孤山梅花盛景。孤山赏梅历来是杭州人寒冬腊月游览西湖胜景的一个重要项目。这幅《踏雪孤山寻梅图》是作者有感而发,也是借题发挥。所谓有感而发,可以想象,一场雪后人们去孤山赏梅,踏入赏梅境地,却少见‘丽如妆’的美景,寻其原因,有人顺手牵羊折枝攀花,将腊梅占为己有;所谓借题发挥,可以理解孤山腊梅遭到这般厄运,那么去超山、灵峰赏梅是否会遇到类似的情景呢?再推而论之,寻梅如此,寻物、寻景有没有类似的现象呢?这就向人们提出一个严肃的课题:遵守社会公德。”而另一幅漫画《林和靖寻子》,可以说这是“寻梅”的续篇,我也续写了这样一段文字:“杭州孤山北麓有座放鹤亭,是为纪念北宋诗人林和靖而建造的。他平日除吟诗作画外,喜欢种梅养鹤。‘梅妻鹤子’的传说即由此而来。2月17日《浙江日报》刊登的《踏雪孤山寻梅图》和今天刊登的《林和靖寻子》这两幅画,寄托着画家对林和靖爱护大自然景物的敬意,也是对破坏自然生态平衡、捕杀珍稀动物的谴责!”

我和华老相识有20年了,是“忘年交”,也是“画之缘”。这些年来华老多次应邀来杭州,或举办画展,或四处采风,或出版新作,我多次陪同他,并一起游西湖、会老友、逛古街、访农家,接触面很广,这里记述两件事:

一件是在华老为《浙江日报》作画的几年时间里,我曾推荐过几位年轻的记者、编辑访问过他,华老对他们关怀备至,不仅在北京寓所亲切接待,就是到杭州小憩,也要安排与他们见面,其中有一位名叫徐澜,是《钱江晚报》的记者,华老特别喜欢与这位对事业执著、对长辈尊敬、对生活热情的后来人交谈。有一次徐澜向华老提出一个请求,想请他为她的一部婚姻题材的小说以画作序。华老说:“给我出难题了。”尽管如此,华老还是花了不少时间,几易其稿,将序“画”好了。画题是“月下老人下岗”,画面呈现的一位月下老人脸上很无奈,在地上摆了一个地摊,上面放着一点红头绳。为了补充画面的内涵,华老还写下一段轶事:“……在中国,爱神是个白胡子老汉,人称月下老人,西湖南面就有一个月下老人祠,他是专管天下美满婚姻的。50年代,我和浙江美院几位艺术家卢鸿基、张漾兮、王德威去游览过,那时卢鸿基还是独身,正在找朋友,为卜吉凶就跪下来求了个签,不想求着个下下签,教授脸都吓白了,此事成为我们几年时间向他开玩笑的主题,可见中国老爱神也是蛮有威信的。……”

另一件是走访西湖龙井村茶农朱潮法家,这是华老每次来杭州必到之处。这里环境幽雅,空气清新,一幢幢新型农民住宅建在绿色葱茏的山谷之中。这里的农家差不多都有一个小庭院,在碧树掩映下品茗小憩,吃一餐农家饭,这是城里人“双休日”的一项最佳选择。华老每次来杭,总要到朱家呆上大半天,先喝龙井茶,再吃农家饭,华老对吃农家饭特别高兴:带“灵魂”的青菜、刚挖掘出土的春笋、院内饲养的土鸡还有西湖里捞来的草鱼,样样新鲜,再喝上几两绍兴黄酒,用华老的话说:“又回到了童年时代了!”因为到朱家次数多了,过得又很开心,华老为朱家写了一幅字,作了一幅画。这幅字是2001年第一次去朱家时写的:“四世同堂,茶农世家”,旁边还写了一段话:“吃了你们十七大碗的菜,喝了你们亲手栽培的好龙井,永世不忘。”字里行间,洋溢着这位老艺术家的喜悦与感动;那幅画是2004年4月作的,以“龙”为主角,寓意“生意兴‘龙’(隆)”,旁边一段话,寄托着这位革命前辈对农民、农村、农业的祝福:“当今国家重农政策大好,祝你茶叶丰收,特画龙一条,生意一定兴‘龙’。”如今,这两幅字画作为传家宝,悬挂在朱家的客厅上。

2006年金秋时节写于杭州“知不足斋”

Cartoon Master Revisits Hangzhou

By Jiang Ping

In the fall of 2006, Hua Junwu revisited Hangzhou. The 91-year-old cartoon master of national renown has his family roots in the city: he was born in his hometown in 1915 at his home in the Ancestral Temple Lane.

He remembers his childhood years, which were chaotic and eventful because the country underwent disasters: he and other students took to street chanting slogans against the Japanese invasion into China. The Pagoda on Thunder Peak crashed on the day when Sun Chuanfang, a warlord, led his soldiers into the city in 1924. Hua contributed his first cartoon to Zhejiang Daily at the age of fifteen. In the following years, he contributed about 200 cartoons to the newspaper, which published only one and sent him 97 cents cash as contribution fee. Hua remembers that he was expelled from the high school because he stepped forward and asked the teacher not to punish a classmate who had cheated on a graduation examination. He commented today that had he not been kicked out of the school, he would not have left Hangzhou.

But he did leave Hangzhou and went to Shanghai to continue his education. Then he went to Yan’an and the northeast before he finally settled down in Beijing over years.

From the 1980s forward, Hua Junwu, who had already been famous for his cartoons all over the country, began to create cartoons for the Zhejiang Daily and the Qianjiang Evening News, two Hangzhou-based newspapers. Many of these cartoons were set against the backdrop of the West Lake. In the cartoons, he criticizes some mindless practices and bad habits that either damage the reputation of Hangzhou or hurt the physical beauty of the West Lake.

Over the past five decades, Hua Junwu has visited Hangzhou many times. In recent years, a visit to the Dragon Well Village is a must-do whenever he comes to Hangzhou. The village is surrounded by lush wooded mountains, where farmers entertain tourists at their home restaurants with local cuisines Hua Junwu dined at Zhu Chaofa’s house in the village for the first time in 2001. He sipped the Dragon Well Tea and then rice wine, and enjoyed fish from the West Lake and other dishes made of fresh vegetables that came directly from the family garden and surrounding hills. He enjoyed his first dinner so much that he comes to the same house every time he visits Hangzhou.

This time it was no exception for the master. He visited Zhu Chaofa’s restaurant in the village as scheduled, but Hua also did something extraordinary in his 2006 visit to Hangzhou. Moving around in a wheelchair, he visited the Dragon Flight Lane where his family lived for a while more than 70 years ago. Also on his visit list was a kindergarten, formerly a primary school where he used to study. And he took a battery-driven car ride around the West Lake for sightseeing. He also dined and wined at Wang Runxing, a restaurant which serves typical hometown cuisine.

(Translated by David)