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学习定语从句的六个易混点

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有些定语从句与并列句极为相似,相差的可能只是一个并列连词,同学们若忽略此并列连词,则有可能混淆定语从句与并列句。请看下面两道试题:

1. They have two grown children, and both of ______ live abroad.

A. them B. whom C. which D. who

2. They have two grown children, both of ______ live abroad.

A. them B. whom C. which D. who

【分析】第1题选A,第2题选B。由于第1题中用了并列连词and,从而使整个句子变为并列句,and后应是一个独立成句的句子,所以选A不选B;第2题没有并列连词and,both of whom live abroad为非限制性定语从句。

另外,请比较下面一题:

They have two grown children, both of ______ living abroad.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who

【分析】此题选A,尽管句中没有并列连词,但由于逗号后并不是一个完整的句子,句中的 living 为非谓语动词,both of them living abroad为独立主格结构。

一般说来,若是定语从句,其前必有先行词;若是表语(从句),则其前必有连系动词。但问题是,有时由于句子结构比较特殊,定语从句与其修饰的先行词可能被“分离”,而连系动词与其后的表语也可能被“分离”,这就需要同学们认真分析,理顺句子结构(最好能还原句子),从而分清是定语从句还是表语(从句)。请看下面几道试题:

1. Is this factory ______ you worked in before you got married?

A. where B. what C. that D. the one

【分析】答案选D,this factory为句子主语,the one 为表语,you worked in为定语从句。此句的陈述句形式为:This factory is the one (=factory) (that) you worked in before you got married. 其中的one相当于factory,引导定语从句的that由于是用作介词in的宾语,故可以省略。

2. Is this the factory ______ you worked in before you got married?

A. where B. what C. that D. the one

【分析】答案选C,this为句子主语,the factory 是表语,you worked in为定语从句,修饰名词the factory。此句的陈述句形式为:This is the factory (that) you worked in before you got married. 其中引导定语从句的that由于是用作介词in的宾语,也可以省略。

3. This is _______ a lot of parents go wrong.

A. where B. what C. that D. the one

【分析】答案选A,where在此引导表语从句。句意为:这就是很多父母犯错的地方。

有些英语试题,从表面看好像是定语从句,但实际上却是状语从句;而有些试题从表面看好像是状语从句,但实际上却是定语从句。请看下面几道试题:

1. The man went downstairs ______ he heard someone knocking at the door.

A. where B. when C. that D. which

【分析】答案是B而不是A,when的意思是“当……的时候”,引导的是时间状语从句。由于空格前的downstairs是副词,不宜用作先行词,故不要误选where。

2. Mr Smith is ______ an excellent teacher ______ we all like and respect.

A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

【分析】答案选B而不是A。如果仅从汉语意思来看,此题选A和B都不错。但是,从英语语法来分析:such...that...中的that引导结果状语从句,其中的that不充当句子成分;而such...as...中的as为关系代词,用以引导定语从句并在定语从句中充当句子成分。上句中第二空之所以选as,是因为它用作动词like and respect 的宾语。比较下面一句,答案是A(因为动词like and respect 已有自己的宾语him):

3. Mr Smith is ______ an excellent teacher ______ we all like and respect him.

A. such, that B. such, as C. so, that D. so, as

大家知道,非限制性定语从句通常会用逗号与主句隔开,所以有的同学一看见句中有逗号,就以为其后是非限制性定语从句,但问题是有时根本就不是非限制性定语从句。如:

1. If a book is in English, ______ means slow progress for you.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

2. When I say two hours, ______ includes time for eating.

A. as B. which C. what D. that

【分析】以上两题均应选that,而不能选which,因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that,是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句,逗号后为主句,that为主句主语。

请再看以下句子,用作主句主语的that也不能换成which,因为它们根本不是非限制性定语从句:

If you wish to make a fool of yourself, that is your affair. 如果你想让自己出丑,那是你自己的事。

You have no business going into such places all by yourselves. If your parents take you, of course, that’s another matter. 你们不该自己去这些地方。不过如果是父母带你们去的,那就另当别论了。

许多同学总是机械地认为:表示时间、地点、原因的名词后面一定要用关系副词来引导定语从句,其实也不一定。正确的理解是:表示时间、地点、原因的名词后面既可能用关系副词来引导定语从句,也可能用关系代词that, which等来引导定语从句,主要看它们在定语从句中充当什么句子成分——作主语或宾语,用关系代词;作状语,用关系副词。如:

She works in the hospital ______ people regard as the best one.

A. where B. which C. why D. what

【分析】答案为B。句中受定语从句修饰的先行词hospital为表示地点的名词,但此处不能用关系副词where来引导,因为定语从句中的动词regard缺宾语(正确的搭配是regard sth as sth),而关系副词只能用作状语,不能用作宾语。至于what,它不是关系词,不能引导定语从句;而why作为关系副词,也不能用作宾语。句意为:她工作的那家医院是人们认为最好的一家。

请再看看下面的例句:

This is a moment that will be remembered and celebrated for years to come. 这一刻将被永远被铭记和赞美。(句中的that用作主语,不能换成when)

Shops were open, especially places which sold things to eat and to drink. 店铺都开着,尤其是卖饮食的店铺。(句中的which用作主语,不能换成where)

We aren’t going for the simple reason that we can’t afford it. 我们不去原因很简单:我们负担不起。(句中的for the reason that 为固定表达,其意相当于because,其中的that不可换成why, which等)

英语中有两个关系代词可用作定语,即 whose和which,许多同学要么认为只有whose可用作定语,要么分不清whose和which作定语时的区别。如:

In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm, by _______ time many people have gone home.

A. what B. which C. whose D. that

【分析】答案为B。作为关系代词,which和whose均可用作定语,但它们是有区别的:whose 在意思上相当于 one’s,而 which 在意思上相当于that 或 this。根据句意,空格处显然应填which,因为它的句意是:在办公室里,下午5点半以前我似乎从来不会有空,而到那个时候,许多人都已经回家了。

请比较下面的两个句子:

The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女,在假期中工厂关门了。(句中的whose workers指的是这个工厂的工人,即whose含有one’s的意思)

Of course it may rain, in which case we’ll have to hold the ceremony indoors. 当然可能会下雨,如果那样的话,我们就只能在室内举行仪式了。(句中的in which case相当于and in that case)