俄罗斯生态立法对农业生产的保障
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国家农业经济的政策与条文对俄罗斯农业领域的发展起着至关重要的作用，尤其是在市场经济条件下。
在1992-1994年改组国营农场与集体农庄的阶段，俄罗斯把11亿5千万公顷的农用土地私有化，划分给国民。但到2011年，根据国家统计显示，这些土地的数量只剩下1800万公顷。由于在改革国营与集体农庄、土地私有化的过程中，没有一个向市场经济转型的准确的、周全的国家农业政策纲领，从而导致农业改革进程艰巨而漫长。在全球化背景下，国家农业发展战略将保障粮食的安全。
阿伯拉莫夫认为，现代农业政策的理性模式必须包括以下原则：
创建国家粮食安全体系，保障各个阶层的居民享用高质量的、安全的国产粮食，不受气候条件的限制；
均衡农业与其他行业发展的差距；
克服农业产品与工业产品的价格差距，给农业生产者和农业生产区提供平等的获利条件；
通过创建可持续发展的农村区域建设，巩固农村区域管理机构与基础，解决村镇社会问题；
保障本国农产品在国际市场的竞争力，使得农业经济可持续化发展；
加快农业生产劳动现代化进程，提高农业生产的效率。
杜博维克也指出，在俄罗斯联邦《环境保护法》第3条中阐述了环境保护原则与生态立法原则，最重要的是：在良好的环境中守法；在生态、经济、社会以及个人、社会、国家整体规划的基础上，科学的保障人类良好的活动条件，保障可持续发展与良好的环境；保护再生产与合理利用自然资源，使它们作为必须条件，以保障良好的环境和生态安全，其中包括保障农用土地土壤的肥沃，杜绝危险的化学物质与生物制剂的不良影响；俄罗斯联邦政府各级部门的职责是保障所管理区域的生态安全；利用自然的收费与对损害自然行为的处罚；俄罗斯联邦在环境保护领域的国际合作。
对上述环境保护原则的分析表明，不是所有这些原则都能被列入生态法之中，杜博维克很清晰的指出：某个原则属于生态法的特定范畴，另一些原则又是所有行业都通用的，而某些原则根本不属于立法原则之内。特别是生态立法原则，在利用自然的生态安全领域可包括以下法律规范机制：
1.建立在生态自然法则上，对环境保护问题的综合解决手段：环境对生物的影响法则；生命的生态法则；最小化法则；耐受性法则。
环境对生物的影响法则为俄罗斯学者卢立叶所提出，《任何生物发展的结果都由其内部特性与所处环境特性决定》。
库拉什科夫斯基提出了生命的生态法则――任何种类的生物，从环境中消耗它所需的物质，并排泄因自身活动而产生的产品，将改变环境，致使生存环境恶化。
德国化学家李比希阐述了最小化法则――生物的持久性取决于其最少需要的物质。收成的数量取决于平常植物吸收最少的土壤中的元素。
耐受性法则在1913年首次由美国学者谢尔福德提出，“生物对其生存环境的适应有一个生态学最小量和最大量的界限，生物只有处于这两个限度范围之间才能生存，这个最小到最大的限度称为生物的耐受性范围。”
2.为评估土地资源与农业生产预测指数，进行农业用地的区域划分。
3.为评估水生资源（鱼类资源），对水域进行区域划分。
4.给予生态安全充分管理与监督的权力。这个原则的实施属于重要的一步，多年来俄罗斯的专家与学者都呼吁创建专门权力机构，对生态安全进行监督。
俄罗斯《生态法》遵循着《污染者受罚》的原则，排放与丢弃污染物质都要受到经济上的处罚。国际法也确立了破坏生态需要全部赔偿的原则。
结论：
1.现代生态立法当中实施了预防农业耕地受技术因素污染的原则；
2.利用自然的重要原则是自然资源的利用并非无偿；
3.各级领导必须要对生态破坏行为负责；
4.俄罗斯生态立法与国际环境保护法规的协作。
By Smoliakov A.A （Doctor of Laws and Associate Professor of Department of
Public Law of Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation）
Translated into Chinese by Zhang Yi Translated into English by Zhang Liya
National policies and regulations， especially in a market economy， play a key role in the development of Russia`s agriculture.
During period of the reorganization of state-owned farms and collective farms from 1992 to 1994， Russia personalized 1.15 billion hectares of farmland and allocated it to its citizens. But statistics show that there were only 18 million hectares left in 2011. The journey of agricultural reform is tedious and hard due to a lack of accurate and comprehensive market-oriented policies and programs in the process of the reorganization of state-owned farms and collective farms and land Privatization. In the context of globalization， national strategies for agricultural development can guarantee food safety.
According to Abramov I.E.， the following principles should be included in the rational mode of modern agricultural polices：
A national food safety system should be established to ensure citizens from all spectrums can enjoy high-quality and safe domestic foods free from limits of climatic conditions.
Gaps between agricultural industry and other industries should be narrowed.
Price gaps between agricultural products and industrial products should be adjusted to provide equal opportunities for both agricultural producers and agricultural production areas to gain profits.
The foundation of agricultural management institutions should be consolidated through the construction of rural areas which develop sustainably to solve social problems in towns and villages.
The competitiveness of domestic agricultural products in the international market should be protected to enable agriculture to develop sustainably.
The modernization of agricultural production should be accelerated to improve the productive efficiency of agriculture.
Dubovik O.L. also pointed that in accordance with principles of environmental protection and eco-legislation in the third clause of federal Environmental Protection Law， the most important is： abiding by law in a sound environment； using scientific measures to obtain favorable conditions for human activities and sustainable development on the basis of ecological， economic， social， and national overall programming and safeguarding the reproduction and reasonable utilization of natural reserves to create a sound and safe environment including protecting fertility of farmland and eradicating negative effects of dangerous chemicals and biologics. The Government of Russian Federation and departments on all levels should be responsible for eco-safety within areas under their jurisdiction， charging on natural resources utilization， fining on damages to the environment and the international cooperation of Russia in environmental protection.
Analysis about the above principles indicates that not all of them can be included in eco-laws. Dubovik made it clear that some principles belong to the specific area of eco-laws， some others can be adapted to all conditions， and still some others cannot be regarded as eco-law principles. Legal regulatory mechanisms of eco-laws in eco-safety utilization are as follows：
1. Comprehensive measures to resolve environmental issues based on eco-laws： laws of environment`s influence on living creatures； principles of eco-legislation； law of the Minimum； law of tolerance.
The law of environment`s influence on living creatures was put forward by a Russian scholar Rul'e K.F. "Results of the development （change） of any （biological） object are determined by their internal and environment characteristics."
The ecological law of living creatures was put forward by Kurazhkovsky Y.N. “Any kind of creatures consume elements it needs from the environment and discharge products due to their own activities， which will change the environment and worsen the environment for survival.”
The Law of the Minimum was elaborated by German chemists Liebig says： “Biological persistence depends on the minimum materials it needs”. The amount of harvest depends on the minimum elements a plant absorbs from soil.
The law of tolerance was put forward by American scholar Sheldford in 1913， which states that the presence and success of an organism depend upon the extent to which a complex of conditions is satisfied. The range from the minimum to maximum is referred to as tolerant range of living things.
2. Farmland zoning to assess land resources and agricultural production forecast index.
3. Water area zoning to assess aquatic resources （fish resources）.
4. Sufficient power of management and monitoring should be granted to eco-safety. The enforcement of this principle is a very important move forward. Over the past several years， experts and scholars in Russia have called for the establishment of special authority to supervise eco-safety. Under the principles of Polluters Pay， Russia Ecological Law stipulates that activities including pollutant discharging should be punished economically. The international law has also stipulated that one should pay for the damage he causes to the environment.
Conclusions：
1. The principle of preventing farmland from technological pollution is included in modern eco-legislation；
2. A most important principle in natural utilization is the utilization of natural resources is by no means free of charge；
3. Officials on all levels should be responsible for activities detrimental to the environment；
4. Cooperation between Russian eco-regulation and international laws and regulations of environmental protection.