细数现在完成时和现在完成进行时
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英语中时态的变化对中国学生来说可算是一大难点。因为以英语为母语的人在表达时会自然而然地根据需要运用各种不同的时态，但汉语表达不需要考虑时态，我们很难在潜意识里具备这样的敏感性，所以常常被时态的变化弄得晕头转向，特别是遇到有些用法相近的时态时。下面我就来讲解一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时这两个时态的区别。
【热身练习】
1. （2012全国卷II） The manager the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m.
A. has told B. is telling C. has been telling D. will have told
2. （2012安徽卷）In order to find the missing child， villagers all they can over the past five hours.
A. did B. do C. had done D. have been doing
3. （2012湖南卷）—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me？
—Sorry， I the piano for years.
A. don’t play B. wasn’t playing
C. haven’t played D. hadn’t played
4. （2012江西卷）—Look！Somebody the sofa.
—Well， it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it.
A. is cleaning B. was cleaning C. has cleaned D. had cleaned
【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. C
我们先来看看现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别，再详细解析上面各题的答案。
区别一：现在完成时强调动作的结果，现在完成进行时强调动作的延续性。
例如：The students have been preparing for the examination. They are very busy. 学生们一直在忙着准备考试。他们目前很忙。
The students have prepared for the examination. 学生们已经为考试做好了准备。
这是现在完成时和现在完成进行时之间主要的区别，根据这一区别，前面的几道考题都可以做出来。
[题1] The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program since 9 a.m. 从上午九点起，经理一直在告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。
[题2] In order to find the missing child， villagers have been doing all they can over the past five hours. 为了找到失踪的孩子，村民在过去的五个小时一直在尽全力寻找。
这两个句子都在强调从过去到现在一直在做某事，所以用的都是现在完成进行时。
[题3] —I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me？我记得你在大学的时候钢琴弹得很好。可以为我弹一曲吗？
—Sorry， I haven’t played the piano for years. 很抱歉，我已经很多年没弹了。
强调动作的结果，对现在的影响，很久没弹的结果和影响就是不能弹给你听，所以用现在完成时。
[题4] —Look！ Somebody has cleaned the sofa. 瞧！有人洗了沙发。
—Well， it wasn’t me. I didn’t do it. 唔，不是我，我没做。
强调动作已经结束了，结果是沙发变干净了，可以看出来，所以也用现在完成时。
注：在带有一段时间作时间状语的句中，如果用了延续性动词，现在完成时和现在完成进行时没什么区别。
例如：I have lived here for many years. 我在这儿住很多年了。（=I have been living here for many years.）
We have been studying here for two years. 我们在这儿已经学习了两年了。（=We have studied here for two years.）
区别二：现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则不带重复性。
例如：Have you been meeting her lately？你最近一直在与她见面吗？（有“经常相见”之意）
Have you met her lately？你最近见到她了吗？
第二句如与often，every day等时间状语连用，当然也表示动作在重复。
区别三：表示状态、感情、感觉的动词，如：have， exist， like， hate， hear， know， sound等，不能用于现在完成进行时，但可以用于现在完成时。
例如：I have known him for years. （√） 我认识他已经好几年了。
I have been knowing him for years （×）
区别四：现在完成进行时带有一定的感彩，现在完成时往往只说明一个事实或结果。
现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感彩可言。
例如：Who’s been eating my apples？谁吃了我的苹果？（愤怒的语气）
Who’s eaten my apples？谁吃了我的苹果？（询问事实）
第一句有强烈的感彩，表示愤怒不满，第二句只是希望得到回答的一个问题。第一句兼有进行时态，所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思，第二句是完成时态，说明“苹果一个不剩了”。
又如：She has always been working like that. 她一贯就是如此工作的。（表扬的语气）
It has been raining for three days. 雨一直下了三天了。（抱怨的语气）
区别五：现在完成进行时不与never， yet， already， ever等副词连用。
例如：Zhang Jike and Ma Long have already grown into the leading figures of China’s new generation of table tennis players. 张继科和马龙已经成为了中国新一代兵乓球运动员的领军人物。
Zhang Jike and Ma Long have already been growing into the leading figures of China’s new generation of table tennis players. （×）
练一练
Ⅰ. 用所给动词的适当形式完成句子。
1. We （work） for two hours. Let’s go out for a walk， shall we？
2. You don’t need to tell me anything about her. I （meet） her several times.
3. —Can I have a talk with you at about three this afternoon， Mr. White？
—All right， I （come） back from a lecture by then.
4. He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income as tourists （come） from all parts of the country to see it.
5. I know you are tired. After all you （study） all day.
Ⅱ. 单项选择。
1. In the last few years， thousands of films all over the world.
A. have produced B. have been produced
C. have been producing D. are being produced
2. Tom in the library every night over the last three months.
A. has worked B. worked
C. has been working D. works
3. As you see， up to now， all my dreams true， slowly， one by one.
A. comes B. would come C. had come D. have been coming
4. She was surprised to find the fridge empty； the children everything.
A. had been eating B. had eaten
C. have eaten D. have been eating
5. —How do you find the oil price now？
—It up all the time and no one knows when it will become stable.
A. had gone B. has been going
C. has gone D. had been going