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在《红楼梦》一书中,出现了很多“把”字句,这些“把”字句句式各异,因此翻译的方法也各异,在全书的把字句中,笔者发现有几种类型是比较特殊的,现提出来讨论。
一、否定式“把”字句
现代汉语中,把字句的否定式比肯定式使用频率低得多,《红楼梦》里更是如此。
如果是否定副词放在“把”字之前的,英文翻译时和现代汉语用法相同。如:
①如今谁承望姑娘人大心大,不把我放在眼睛里,倒把外四路的什么宝姐姐,凤姐的放在心坎上,倒把我三日不理,四日不见的。(28回388页)
I never expected you to grow so proud that now you have no use for me while you’re so fond of outsiders like Baochai and Xifeng.You ignore me or cut me for three of four days at a time.
②只因他身上捐着个通判,前儿选了云南不知那一处,连家眷一齐去,把这香铺也不在这里开了。(24回337页)
...has bought the rank of an assistant sub-prefect and was recently appointed to a post somewhere in Yunnan.Since he is taking the whole family with him,he’s decided to close the shop.
③袭人见把莺儿不理,恐竟儿没好意思的。(35回480页)
This made Xiren afraid that Yinger might feel slighted…
④因此自己只装作不耐烦,把诗社便不起。(70回993页)
So he pretended to have lost interest in re-starting the poetry society,in order not to distract him.
这些把字句的否定式可归结为如下结构:
“把+名+(状语)+否定副词+动词+(补语)”结构可翻译成英文的动词+宾语+(状语),汉语里的否定副词不必刻意翻译,因为英文可以找到与之对应的词,而且由于句中的谓语动词直接受到否定副词的修饰,所以它前面的状语和后面的补语或时态助词就成了可有可无的成分.在翻译成英语时可用英语结构:动词+宾语+(状语)来翻译这种类型的把字句。
二、施事“把”字句
《红楼梦》中有一些表示主动行为的“把”字句,把字后面的名词不是谓语动词,而是行为的施事者、主动者。我们称之为施事“把”字句。共有三种类型:
2.1第一类,施事都是人,谓语是不及物动词或动宾词组,如:
①你瞧宝姑娘那里,出去了一个香菱,就冷清了多少,把个云姑娘落了单。(70回989页)
Didn’t you notice how lonely Miss Baochai’s place seemed after Xiangling went home,leaving Miss Xiangyun all on her own?
②偏又把凤丫头病了,有他一人来说说笑笑,还抵得十个人的空儿。(76回1081页)
And on top of that,Xifeng’s unwell. If she were here joking and laughing,she’d make up for ten other people.
这种把字句去掉把字后基本意义不变,因此翻译成英语时当作没有把的普通句子处理.
2.2第二类施事“把”字句,谓语是形容词用作动词或不及物动词,表示事物本身的变化和状态.如:
①这如今得了这个病,把我那要强的心一分也没了。(11回159页)
But now that I’ve fallen ill,all my will power’s gone.
②贾政…把素日嫌恶处分宝玉之心不觉减了八九分.(23回320页)
Bearing all in mind,he forgot his usual aversion to Baoyu.
③此时林黛玉只是禁不住把脸红胀了起来挣着要走。(25回354页)
She could not help lushing and tried to break away.
④湘云说到那里,却把脸红了。(108回1489页)
She broke off at this point blushing.
⑤想到此处,倒把一片酸热之心令一时冰冷了。(113回l559页)
This reflection eased her, chilling her fevered passions.
这种句子在翻译中可利用英语“动词+宾语+补语/介词短语”这一句型来处理.
2.3第三类施事“把”字句,谓语是形容词或不及物动词,后面带有表示程度的补语,施事一般表人,这类把字句中,宾语之后常接“忙”,“累”,“性”,“急”等词,加上补语,整个句子含有“致使”的意思,如:
①晴雯冷笑道:“不知说了一句半句话,名儿姓儿知道了不曾呢,就把他兴的这样!…”(27回377页)
Our lady may have thrown her a word or two,with out even knowing her name,and she’s already eaten up with pride.
②我烦你做过什么,把你懒的横针不拈,竖线不动。(62回881页)
When I ask you to do anything,you’ve too lazy to thread a needle.
③黛玉…一丝微气不断,把个李纨和紫鹃哭的死去活来。(98回1383页)
Her life hanging by a thread,while Liwan and Zijuan went as if their hearts would break.
④把个宝钗直臊的满脸飞红。(101回1419页)
Baochai blushed all over her face.
这类“把”字句英译时常常利用英语中有“致使”意义的动词,如make,blush,等。
书中还有一些类似的句子,但谓语是及物动词,虽也构成述补结构,却是受事把字句而不是施事把字句。如:
①话未说完,把个贾政气的面如金纸。(33回455页)
Before he had finished Jiazheng was livid with fury.
②“偕谁隐”、“为底迟”,真个把个问的无言可对。(38回529页)
Questions like“with what hermit are you taking refuge?”And“what makes you bloom so late?”are bound to stump the flower.
③把个宝琴唬的再不敢见他。(100回1404页)
But Baoqin was so terrified that she kept out her way.
这种句子翻译时同第一类施事“把”字句一样,当作无把的普通句子处理。
三、不完全“把”字句
所谓不完全把字句,就是句子结构不完整,某些重要部分被省略了。《红楼梦》中出现了两种不完全把字句。一种类型的结构是:
“我+把+你+名词性词组。”这种句式把句中的谓语部分省略了,也就是只说出彼处置对象,却不说出如何处置。
①黛玉听了,翻身爬起来,按着宝玉笑道:“我把你烂了嘴的!”(19回276页)
Daiyu scrambled over and pinned Baoyu down,“You scoundrel!”
②香菱…笑骂道:“我把你这个烂了嘴的小蹄子!…”(62回881-882页)
“You foul-mouthed bitch!”she swore,laughing.
这种句子在翻译时也要只需用短语表示即可,没有固定句式可参用。
另一种不完全把字句的结构是:
“把+名+动/形(或其词组)+的”这其实就是我们前面分析的表程度的施事把字句的省略式,省略了程度补语部分。如:
①贾母听了,笑道:“猴儿,把你乖的!拿着官中的钱你做人。”(35回477页)
“You monkey!”exclaimed the Lady Dowager:“Treating people at public expense.”
②又叫他与王夫人叩头,且不必去见贾母,倒把袭人不好意思的。(36回492页)
There she was indeed informed of her promotion and told to go and kowtow to Lady Wang,but not to trouble the Lady Dowager.Xiren was quite overwhelmed.
这种“把”字句翻译时主要选择与之相当的动词,即在意义上有“致使”含义的词。
四、其他类型”把”字句
汉语中有很多“把”字句在英语中根本找不到对应的句式单词,如:
①贾芸一面走,一面拿眼把红玉一溜,那红玉只装着和坠几谈话,也把眼去一溜贾芸。(26回362页)
He cast a sidelong glance at Xiaohong,Who stole a glance at him too under cover of talking to Zhuier.
②宝蟾便哭看来揪香菱,说他把药药死了奶奶了。(103回1438页)
Then Baochan tearfully seized hold of Xiangling,accusing her of poisoning her mistress.
③还亏得探春能言,见解亦高,把话来慢慢儿的劝解了好些时。(119回1628页)
Fortunately,with her persuasiveness and good sense,she succeeded little by little in consoling Lady Wang to some extent.
④一进角门,宝钗便命婆子将门锁上,把钥匙要了自己拿着。(62回869页)
When they entered the side gate,Baochai ordered the women in change there to lock it,and took the key herself.
⑤枚又将他姑舅哥哥收买进来,把家里一个女孩子配了他。(77回117页)
Mrs.Lai bought him two and gave him one of the bondmaids as his wife.
⑥空空道人便将贾雨村言了,方把这《石头记》示看。(120回1647页)
He gave him Jiayucun’s message and herded him the story of the stone
这种“把”字句翻译时根本不用考虑把在原文中的结构和意义,只需按照汉语意思意译即可。
“把”字句最主要的功能或语法意义是“处置”(包括“致使”和“描述”),该句式的特点和作用有三:一是将宾语提至动词前,解决该宾语无法后置的问题;二是突出宾语,同时也突出动作及其后果;三是便于语句的衔接,并将(“把”字后面的)宾语动词所涉及的其他成分相区分,本文经语料考察,发现翻译的汉语作品比原创汉语作品使用更多的“把”字句,文学类作品比非文学类作品使用更多的“把”字句;这一发现进一步证明“把”字句适用于表达复杂和细微的意思。将相应的“把”字句译成英语时,多根据实际情况,选择适当方法应对:1)相应的英语使动动词,包括用make/have/get+动词或形容词;2)英语动词+宾语+补语;3)其他变通方法。
参考文献:
[1]王还.“把”字句于“被”字句.北京:新知识出版社,1957.
[2]吕叔湘.“把”字用法的研究(A).汉语语法论文集(C).
[3]张伯江.论“把”字句的语义句式.语言教学研究,1991,(1).