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小小标点惹的“祸”

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编者按:标点符号在英语中往往被同学们所忽略。其实,正确掌握标点的用法,对分析句子结构、理解句子意思与解题都有十分重要的作用。本专题通过分析与一些标点相关的典型考题,希望同学们能在做题的过程中体会标点的标志性作用,从而快速找到解题的突破口。

标点符号在单项填空题的解题过程中,有时起着非常关键的作用。相同的句子使用不同的标点符号, 可能影响句意、说话人的语气、词性的选择或句式的判定。

一、对句意的影响

例1 Which material can be thrown into the sea _______ on the nature of them?

A. depended B. depending

C. to depend D. depends

解析:答案为B。句末是问号,可知句子是个疑问句。句子的主语是which material,谓语是can be thrown into,空格处应用非谓语动词depending,作状语。试比较:如果句末改为句号, 那么句意变为“哪种材料可扔到海里取决于它们的性质”,则应该选depends作谓语,而其前面部分变为主语从句。

例2 ―Sorry,Joe. I didn’t mean to...

―Don’t call me “Joe”!I’m Mr. Parker to you,and _______ you forget it!

A. do B. didn’t C. did D. don’t

解析:答案为D。根据句末的感叹号可知说话人对对方的命令语气:“对你来说我是Mr. Parker,可不要再忘了!”and后的句子是一个祈使句的否定式,因此用don’t。试比较:I’m Mr. Parker to you,and you forget it?若句末改为问号,则句意为“对你来说我是Mr. Parker,难道你忘了吗”。

例3 Why! I have nothing to confess,_______ you want me to say?

A. what is it that B. what it is that

C. is it what that D. it is what that

解析:答案为A。根据句末的问号判定句子应为疑问句。此题是对强调句型的考查,强调特殊疑问词时,特殊疑问词应放在句首,后面用一般疑问语序。

例4 I must be getting fat―I can _______ do my trousers up.

A. fairly B. hardly C. nearly D. seldom

解析:答案为B。根据破折号的解释作用,可知句意为“我的裤子都系不上了,我肯定是长胖了”。

例5 Tom!You _______ leave all your clothes on the floor like this!

A. wouldn’t B. mustn’t

C. needn’t D. may not

解析:答案为B。通过句中两个感叹号的提示,可知说话人的语气很强硬,因此应用mustn’t 来体现语气。

二、对句式的影响

1.对简单句、并列句和复合句的判定

例6 _______,you’re fired.

A. If you are late again B. Late once more

C. Arriving late again D. To arrive late again

解析:答案为A。此题中逗号后面没有连词,前面句子用从句或非谓语形式,根据句意应该用条件状语从句。

例7 _______,we go to the Summer Palace with our aunt.

A. To be in holiday B. There are no classes

C. Having not classes D. It being a holiday

解析:答案为D。此题是对独立主格结构的考查。如果选B,应将题干中的逗号变成分号或在逗号后加so或and。

例8 It was raining heavily;_______ kept me indoors the whole day.

A. this B. so that C. and D. which

解析:答案为A。题干中使用了分号,说明是两个并列句,分号后的句中缺主语。

2. 对是否为非限制性定语从句的判定

例9 I have many friends,some _______ are businessmen.

A. of them B. from which

C. who of D. of whom

解析:答案为D。句中的逗号是关键信息。如果选A,则两句之间缺少连词连接。of whom 引导定语从句,of表示部分与整体的关系。

例10 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,_______ I will always treasure.

A. that B. one C. it D. what

解析:答案为B。此题很容易误选A,认为是定语从句,但非限制性定语从句不能用that 引导。选项B 中的one 是an unforgettable moment 的同位语,并且带有自己的定语。

例11 We visited the garden,_______ owner seated in it.

A. whose B. its C. who’s D. which

解析:答案为B。句中的seated不是谓语形式, 所以不能选whose 引导定语从句。its 和后面的内容构成独立主格结构,在句中作状语。

例12 _______ is known to everybody,the earth travels around the sun.

A. It B. As C. What D. Which

解析:答案为B。根据句中的逗号,应用as引导非限制性定语从句,指代后面整个句子。若将句中的逗号换成that,此句型就是主语从句,应选用it作形式主语。

3. 对是谓语还是非谓语的判定

例13 The secretary stayed up late last night,_______ a speech for the president.

A. preparing B. to prepare

C. prepare D. prepared

解析:答案为A。考查现在分词作伴随状语。如果选B作目的状语,句中应该没有逗号。

例14 He went to the boy,_______ him on the shoulder and took him away.

A. pat B. patting C. patted D. to pat

解析:答案为C。三个动词是连续动作,went,patted和took away 是并列谓语。

例15 _______ down the radio―the baby’s asleep in the next room.

A. Turning B. Turn C. Turned D. To turn

解析:答案为B。破折号相当于连词for,表示原因,因此前面的句子应带有祈使句的意义。

三、对所选词性的影响

例16 When we went boating on the lake that morning,it turned out fine,_______,very calm,without any wind.

A. except B. including C. but D. besides

解析:答案为D。句中前后的逗号说明此处不可能用介词,再结合句意可以排除其他选项。

例17 ―How is everything going on with you in Europe?

―Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped,_______.

A. though B. yet C. but D. although

解析:答案为A。四个选项都可以表示转折,但有逗号隔开且放在句末时,要求此处只能为一个副词,此处意为“然而,可是”,都符合的只有though。

总之,在解题过程中,标点的作用不可忽视。同学们平时应注重多积累、多思考,不断总结对比,准确理解题意,弄清作者的出题意图,这样才能在解题过程中得心应手。